procedural-3d-engine/skeletalanimation/skeletalanimation.cpp

/*
* Vulkan Example - Skeletal animation
*
* Copyright (C) 2016 by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license (MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <vector>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include "vulkanexamplebase.h"

#define VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID 0
#define ENABLE_VALIDATION false

// Vertex layout used in this example
struct Vertex {
	glm::vec3 pos;
	glm::vec3 normal;
	glm::vec2 uv;
	glm::vec3 color;
	// Max. four bones per vertex
	float boneWeights[4];
	uint32_t boneIDs[4];
};

class VulkanExample : public VulkanExampleBase
{
public:
	struct {
		vkTools::VulkanTexture colorMap;
	} textures;

	struct {
		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo inputState;
		std::vector<VkVertexInputBindingDescription> bindingDescriptions;
		std::vector<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription> attributeDescriptions;
	} vertices;

	// Mesh related stuff

	// Maximum number of bones per vertex
	#define MAX_BONES_PER_VERTEX 4

	// Per-vertex bone IDs and weights
	struct VertexBoneData
	{
		std::array<uint32_t, MAX_BONES_PER_VERTEX> IDs;
		std::array<float, MAX_BONES_PER_VERTEX> weights;

		// Ad bone weighting to vertex info
		void add(uint32_t boneID, float weight)
		{
			for (uint32_t i = 0; i < MAX_BONES_PER_VERTEX; i++)
			{
				if (weights[i] == 0.0f)
				{
					IDs[i] = boneID;
					weights[i] = weight;
					return;
				}
			}
		}
	};

	// Stores information on a single bone
	struct BoneInfo
	{
		aiMatrix4x4 offset;
		aiMatrix4x4 finalTransformation;

		BoneInfo()
		{
			offset = aiMatrix4x4();
			finalTransformation = aiMatrix4x4();
		};
	};

	struct Mesh {
		// Bone related stuff
		// Maps bone name with index
		std::map<std::string, uint32_t> boneMapping;
		// Bone details
		std::vector<BoneInfo> boneInfo;
		// Number of bones present
		uint32_t numBones = 0;
		// Root inverese transform matrix
		aiMatrix4x4 globalInverseTransform;
		// Per-vertex bone info
		std::vector<VertexBoneData> bones;

		// Vulkan buffers
		vkMeshLoader::MeshBuffer meshBuffer;
		// Reference to assimp mesh
		// Required for animation
		VulkanMeshLoader *meshLoader;
	} mesh;

	struct {
		vkTools::UniformData vsScene;
	} uniformData;

	// Must not be higher than same const in skinning shader
	#define MAX_BONES 128

	struct {
		glm::mat4 projection;
		glm::mat4 model;
		glm::mat4 bones[MAX_BONES];
		glm::vec4 lightPos = glm::vec4(0.0, -5.0, 25.0, 1.0);
	} uboVS;

	struct {
		VkPipeline solid;
	} pipelines;

	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
	VkDescriptorSet descriptorSet;
	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;

	float runningTime = 0.0f;

	VulkanExample() : VulkanExampleBase(ENABLE_VALIDATION)
	{
		width = 1280;
		height = 720;
		zoom = -8.0f;
		zoomSpeed = 2.5f;
		rotationSpeed = 0.5f;
		rotation = { -180.0f, -50.0f, 180.0f };
		title = "Vulkan Example - Skeletal animation";
	}

	~VulkanExample()
	{
		// Clean up used Vulkan resources 
		// Note : Inherited destructor cleans up resources stored in base class
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.solid, nullptr);

		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

		// Destroy and free mesh resources 
		vkMeshLoader::freeMeshBufferResources(device, &mesh.meshBuffer);

		textureLoader->destroyTexture(textures.colorMap);

		vkTools::destroyUniformData(device, &uniformData.vsScene);

		delete(mesh.meshLoader);
	}

	void buildCommandBuffers()
	{
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vkTools::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		VkClearValue clearValues[2];
		clearValues[0].color = defaultClearColor;
		clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vkTools::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.x = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.y = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = width;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = height;
		renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 2;
		renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;

		VkResult err;

		for (int32_t i = 0; i < drawCmdBuffers.size(); ++i)
		{
			// Set target frame buffer
			renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = frameBuffers[i];

			err = vkBeginCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], &cmdBufInfo);
			assert(!err);

			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i], &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

			VkViewport viewport = vkTools::initializers::viewport(
				(float)width,
				(float)height,
				0.0f,
				1.0f);
			vkCmdSetViewport(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &viewport);

			VkRect2D scissor = vkTools::initializers::rect2D(
				width,
				height,
				0,
				0);
			vkCmdSetScissor(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &scissor);

			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSet, 0, NULL);
			vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines.solid);

			VkDeviceSize offsets[1] = { 0 };
			// Bind mesh vertex buffer
			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(drawCmdBuffers[i], VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID, 1, &mesh.meshBuffer.vertices.buf, offsets);
			// Bind mesh index buffer
			vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], mesh.meshBuffer.indices.buf, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
			// Render mesh vertex buffer using it's indices
			vkCmdDrawIndexed(drawCmdBuffers[i], mesh.meshBuffer.indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);

			vkCmdEndRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

			err = vkEndCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i]);
			assert(!err);
		}
	}

	void draw()
	{
		VkResult err;

		// Get next image in the swap chain (back/front buffer)
		err = swapChain.acquireNextImage(semaphores.presentComplete, &currentBuffer);
		assert(!err);

		submitPostPresentBarrier(swapChain.buffers[currentBuffer].image);

		// Command buffer to be sumitted to the queue
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer];

		// Submit to queue
		err = vkQueueSubmit(queue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
		assert(!err);

		submitPrePresentBarrier(swapChain.buffers[currentBuffer].image);

		err = swapChain.queuePresent(queue, currentBuffer, semaphores.renderComplete);
		assert(!err);

		err = vkQueueWaitIdle(queue);
		assert(!err);
	}

	// Load bone information from ASSIMP mesh
	void loadBones(uint32_t meshIndex, const aiMesh* pMesh, std::vector<VertexBoneData>& Bones)
	{
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pMesh->mNumBones; i++)
		{
			uint32_t index = 0;
			std::string name(pMesh->mBones[i]->mName.data);

			if (mesh.boneMapping.find(name) == mesh.boneMapping.end())
			{
				// Bone not present, add new one
				index = mesh.numBones;
				mesh.numBones++;
				BoneInfo bone;
				mesh.boneInfo.push_back(bone);
				mesh.boneInfo[index].offset = pMesh->mBones[i]->mOffsetMatrix;
				mesh.boneMapping[name] = index;
			}
			else
			{
				index = mesh.boneMapping[name];
			}

			for (uint32_t j = 0; j < pMesh->mBones[i]->mNumWeights; j++)
			{
				uint32_t vertexID = mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries[meshIndex].vertexBase + pMesh->mBones[i]->mWeights[j].mVertexId;
				Bones[vertexID].add(index, pMesh->mBones[i]->mWeights[j].mWeight);
			}
		}
	}

	// Find animation for a given node
	const aiNodeAnim* findNodeAnim(const aiAnimation* animation, const std::string nodeName)
	{
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < animation->mNumChannels; i++)
		{
			const aiNodeAnim* nodeAnim = animation->mChannels[i];
			if (std::string(nodeAnim->mNodeName.data) == nodeName)
			{
				return nodeAnim;
			}
		}
		return nullptr;
	}

	// Returns a 4x4 matrix with interpolated translation between current and next frame
	aiMatrix4x4 interpolateTranslation(float time, const aiNodeAnim* pNodeAnim)
	{
		aiVector3D translation;

		if (pNodeAnim->mNumPositionKeys == 1)
		{
			translation = pNodeAnim->mPositionKeys[0].mValue;
		}
		else
		{
			uint32_t frameIndex = 0;
			for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pNodeAnim->mNumPositionKeys - 1; i++)
			{
				if (time < (float)pNodeAnim->mPositionKeys[i + 1].mTime)
				{
					frameIndex = i;
					break;
				}
			}

			aiVectorKey currentFrame = pNodeAnim->mPositionKeys[frameIndex];
			aiVectorKey nextFrame = pNodeAnim->mPositionKeys[(frameIndex + 1) % pNodeAnim->mNumPositionKeys];
				
			float delta = (time - (float)currentFrame.mTime) / (float)(nextFrame.mTime - currentFrame.mTime);

			const aiVector3D& start = currentFrame.mValue;
			const aiVector3D& end = nextFrame.mValue;

			translation = (start + delta * (end - start));
		}

		aiMatrix4x4 mat;
		aiMatrix4x4::Translation(translation, mat);
		return mat;
	}

	// Returns a 4x4 matrix with interpolated rotation between current and next frame
	aiMatrix4x4 interpolateRotation(float time, const aiNodeAnim* pNodeAnim)
	{
		aiQuaternion rotation;

		if (pNodeAnim->mNumRotationKeys == 1) 
		{
			rotation = pNodeAnim->mRotationKeys[0].mValue;
		}
		else
		{
			uint32_t frameIndex = 0;
			for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pNodeAnim->mNumRotationKeys - 1; i++)
			{
				if (time < (float)pNodeAnim->mRotationKeys[i + 1].mTime)
				{
					frameIndex = i;
					break;
				}
			}

			aiQuatKey currentFrame = pNodeAnim->mRotationKeys[frameIndex];
			aiQuatKey nextFrame = pNodeAnim->mRotationKeys[(frameIndex + 1) % pNodeAnim->mNumRotationKeys];

			float delta = (time - (float)currentFrame.mTime) / (float)(nextFrame.mTime - currentFrame.mTime);

			const aiQuaternion& start = currentFrame.mValue;
			const aiQuaternion& end = nextFrame.mValue;

			aiQuaternion::Interpolate(rotation, start, end, delta);
			rotation.Normalize();
		}

		aiMatrix4x4 mat(rotation.GetMatrix());
		return mat;
	}


	// Returns a 4x4 matrix with interpolated scaling between current and next frame
	aiMatrix4x4 interpolateScale(float time, const aiNodeAnim* pNodeAnim)
	{
		aiVector3D scale;

		if (pNodeAnim->mNumScalingKeys == 1) 
		{
			scale = pNodeAnim->mScalingKeys[0].mValue;
		}
		else
		{
			uint32_t frameIndex = 0;
			for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pNodeAnim->mNumScalingKeys - 1; i++)
			{
				if (time < (float)pNodeAnim->mScalingKeys[i + 1].mTime)
				{
					frameIndex = i;
					break;
				}
			}

			aiVectorKey currentFrame = pNodeAnim->mScalingKeys[frameIndex];
			aiVectorKey nextFrame = pNodeAnim->mScalingKeys[(frameIndex + 1) % pNodeAnim->mNumScalingKeys];

			float delta = (time - (float)currentFrame.mTime) / (float)(nextFrame.mTime - currentFrame.mTime);

			const aiVector3D& start = currentFrame.mValue;
			const aiVector3D& end = nextFrame.mValue;

			scale = (start + delta * (end - start));
		}

		aiMatrix4x4 mat;
		aiMatrix4x4::Scaling(scale, mat);
		return mat;
	}

	// Get node hierarchy for current animation time
	void readNodeHierarchy(float AnimationTime, const aiNode* pNode, const aiMatrix4x4& ParentTransform)
	{
		std::string NodeName(pNode->mName.data);

		const aiAnimation* pAnimation = mesh.meshLoader->pScene->mAnimations[0];

		aiMatrix4x4 NodeTransformation(pNode->mTransformation);

		const aiNodeAnim* pNodeAnim = findNodeAnim(pAnimation, NodeName);

		if (pNodeAnim)
		{
			// Get interpolated matrices between current and next frame
			aiMatrix4x4 matScale = interpolateScale(AnimationTime, pNodeAnim);
			aiMatrix4x4 matRotation = interpolateRotation(AnimationTime, pNodeAnim);
			aiMatrix4x4 matTranslation = interpolateTranslation(AnimationTime, pNodeAnim);

			NodeTransformation = matTranslation * matRotation;// *matScale;
		}

		aiMatrix4x4 GlobalTransformation = ParentTransform * NodeTransformation;

		if (mesh.boneMapping.find(NodeName) != mesh.boneMapping.end())
		{
			uint32_t BoneIndex = mesh.boneMapping[NodeName];
			mesh.boneInfo[BoneIndex].finalTransformation = mesh.globalInverseTransform * GlobalTransformation * mesh.boneInfo[BoneIndex].offset;
		}

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pNode->mNumChildren; i++)
		{
			readNodeHierarchy(AnimationTime, pNode->mChildren[i], GlobalTransformation);
		}
	}

	// Recursive bone transformation
	// Results are stored in the Transforms vector
	void boneTransform(float time, std::vector<aiMatrix4x4>& boneTransforms)
	{
		float TicksPerSecond = (float)(mesh.meshLoader->pScene->mAnimations[0]->mTicksPerSecond != 0 ? mesh.meshLoader->pScene->mAnimations[0]->mTicksPerSecond : 25.0f);
		float TimeInTicks = time * TicksPerSecond;
		float AnimationTime = fmod(TimeInTicks, (float)mesh.meshLoader->pScene->mAnimations[0]->mDuration);

		aiMatrix4x4 identity = aiMatrix4x4();
		readNodeHierarchy(AnimationTime, mesh.meshLoader->pScene->mRootNode, identity);

		boneTransforms.resize(mesh.numBones);

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < boneTransforms.size(); i++)
		{
			boneTransforms[i] = mesh.boneInfo[i].finalTransformation;
		}
	}


	// Load a mesh based on data read via assimp 
	// The other example will use the VulkanMesh loader which has some additional functionality for loading meshes
	void loadMesh()
	{
		mesh.meshLoader = new VulkanMeshLoader();
#if defined(__ANDROID__)
		mesh.meshLoader->assetManager = androidApp->activity->assetManager;
#endif
		mesh.meshLoader->LoadMesh(getAssetPath() + "models/astroboy/astroBoy_walk.dae", 0);

		// Setup bones
		// One vertex bone info structure per vertex
		mesh.bones.resize(mesh.meshLoader->numVertices);
		// Store global inverse transform matrix of root node 
		mesh.globalInverseTransform = mesh.meshLoader->pScene->mRootNode->mTransformation;
		mesh.globalInverseTransform.Inverse();
		// Load bones (weights and IDs)
		for (uint32_t m = 0; m < mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries.size(); m++)
		{
			aiMesh *paiMesh = mesh.meshLoader->pScene->mMeshes[m];
			if (paiMesh->mNumBones > 0)
			{
				loadBones(m, paiMesh, mesh.bones);
			}
		}

		// Generate vertex buffer
		float scale = 1.0f;
		std::vector<Vertex> vertexBuffer;
		// Iterate through all meshes in the file
		// and extract the vertex information used in this demo
		for (uint32_t m = 0; m < mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries.size(); m++)
		{
			for (uint32_t i = 0; i < mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries[m].Vertices.size(); i++)
			{
				Vertex vertex;

				vertex.pos = mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries[m].Vertices[i].m_pos * scale;
				vertex.pos.y = -vertex.pos.y;
				vertex.normal = mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries[m].Vertices[i].m_normal;
				vertex.uv = mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries[m].Vertices[i].m_tex;
				vertex.color = mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries[m].Vertices[i].m_color;

				// Fetch bone weights and IDs
				for (uint32_t j = 0; j < 4; j++)
				{
					vertex.boneWeights[j] = mesh.bones[mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries[m].vertexBase + i].weights[j];
					vertex.boneIDs[j] = mesh.bones[mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries[m].vertexBase + i].IDs[j];
				}

				vertexBuffer.push_back(vertex);
			}
		}
		uint32_t vertexBufferSize = vertexBuffer.size() * sizeof(Vertex);

		// Generate index buffer from loaded mesh file
		std::vector<uint32_t> indexBuffer;
		for (uint32_t m = 0; m < mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries.size(); m++)
		{
			uint32_t indexBase = indexBuffer.size();
			for (uint32_t i = 0; i < mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries[m].Indices.size(); i++)
			{
				indexBuffer.push_back(mesh.meshLoader->m_Entries[m].Indices[i] + indexBase);
			}
		}
		uint32_t indexBufferSize = indexBuffer.size() * sizeof(uint32_t);
		mesh.meshBuffer.indexCount = indexBuffer.size();

		// Generate vertex buffer
		createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT,
			vertexBufferSize,
			vertexBuffer.data(),
			&mesh.meshBuffer.vertices.buf,
			&mesh.meshBuffer.vertices.mem);

		// Generate index buffer
		createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
			indexBufferSize,
			indexBuffer.data(),
			&mesh.meshBuffer.indices.buf,
			&mesh.meshBuffer.indices.mem);
	}

	void loadTextures()
	{
		textureLoader->loadTexture(
			getAssetPath() + "models/astroboy/astroboy.ktx",
			VK_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_BLOCK,
			&textures.colorMap);
	}

	void setupVertexDescriptions()
	{
		// Binding description
		vertices.bindingDescriptions.resize(1);
		vertices.bindingDescriptions[0] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputBindingDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				sizeof(Vertex),
				VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX);

		// Attribute descriptions
		// Describes memory layout and shader positions
		vertices.attributeDescriptions.resize(6);
		// Location 0 : Position
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[0] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				0,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
				0);
		// Location 1 : Normal
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[1] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				1,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
				sizeof(float) * 3);
		// Location 2 : Texture coordinates
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[2] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				2,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT,
				sizeof(float) * 6);
		// Location 3 : Color
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[3] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				3,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
				sizeof(float) * 8);
		// Location 4 : Bone weights
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[4] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				4,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT,
				sizeof(float) * 11);
		// Location 5 : Bone IDs
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[5] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				5,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT,
				sizeof(float) * 15);

		vertices.inputState = vkTools::initializers::pipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo();
		vertices.inputState.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = vertices.bindingDescriptions.size();
		vertices.inputState.pVertexBindingDescriptions = vertices.bindingDescriptions.data();
		vertices.inputState.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = vertices.attributeDescriptions.size();
		vertices.inputState.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = vertices.attributeDescriptions.data();
	}

	void setupDescriptorPool()
	{
		// Example uses one ubo and one combined image sampler
		std::vector<VkDescriptorPoolSize> poolSizes =
		{
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 1),
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1),
		};

		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolInfo =
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorPoolCreateInfo(
				poolSizes.size(),
				poolSizes.data(),
				2);

		VkResult vkRes = vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &descriptorPoolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool);
		assert(!vkRes);
	}

	void setupDescriptorSetLayout()
	{
		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding> setLayoutBindings =
		{
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
				0),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader combined sampler
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
				1),
		};

		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorLayout =
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo(
				setLayoutBindings.data(),
				setLayoutBindings.size());

		VkResult err = vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &descriptorLayout, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout);
		assert(!err);

		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineLayoutCreateInfo(
				&descriptorSetLayout,
				1);

		err = vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout);
		assert(!err);
	}

	void setupDescriptorSet()
	{
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo =
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorSetAllocateInfo(
				descriptorPool,
				&descriptorSetLayout,
				1);

		VkResult vkRes = vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSet);
		assert(!vkRes);

		VkDescriptorImageInfo texDescriptor =
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(
				textures.colorMap.sampler,
				textures.colorMap.view,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL);

		std::vector<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writeDescriptorSets =
		{
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vkTools::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
			descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				0,
				&uniformData.vsScene.descriptor),
			// Binding 1 : Color map 
			vkTools::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				1,
				&texDescriptor)
		};

		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, writeDescriptorSets.size(), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, NULL);
	}

	void preparePipelines()
	{
		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo(
				VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST,
				0,
				VK_FALSE);

		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo(
				VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL,
				VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT,
				VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE,
				0);

		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blendAttachmentState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(
				0xf,
				VK_FALSE);

		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo(
				1,
				&blendAttachmentState);

		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo(
				VK_TRUE,
				VK_TRUE,
				VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);

		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineViewportStateCreateInfo(1, 1, 0);

		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo(
				VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
				0);

		std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStateEnables = {
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
		};
		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo(
				dynamicStateEnables.data(),
				dynamicStateEnables.size(),
				0);

		// Solid rendering pipeline
		// Load shaders
		std::array<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, 2> shaderStages;

		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/skeletalanimation/mesh.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/skeletalanimation/mesh.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCreateInfo =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineCreateInfo(
				pipelineLayout,
				renderPass,
				0);

		pipelineCreateInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertices.inputState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampleState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.stageCount = shaderStages.size();
		pipelineCreateInfo.pStages = shaderStages.data();

		VkResult err = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelines.solid);
		assert(!err);
	}

	// Prepare and initialize uniform buffer containing shader uniforms
	void prepareUniformBuffers()
	{
		// Vertex shader uniform buffer block
		createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
			sizeof(uboVS),
			&uboVS,
			&uniformData.vsScene.buffer,
			&uniformData.vsScene.memory,
			&uniformData.vsScene.descriptor);

		updateUniformBuffers();
	}

	void updateUniformBuffers()
	{
		// Vertex shader
		uboVS.projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(60.0f), (float)width / (float)height, 0.1f, 256.0f);

		glm::mat4 viewMatrix = glm::translate(glm::mat4(), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, zoom));
		viewMatrix = glm::rotate(viewMatrix, glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));

		uboVS.model = glm::mat4();
		uboVS.model = viewMatrix * glm::translate(uboVS.model, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -3.5f));
		uboVS.model = glm::rotate(uboVS.model, glm::radians(rotation.x), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
		uboVS.model = glm::rotate(uboVS.model, glm::radians(rotation.z), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
		uboVS.model = glm::rotate(uboVS.model, glm::radians(-rotation.y), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));

		// Update bones
		std::vector<aiMatrix4x4> boneTransforms;
		boneTransform(runningTime, boneTransforms);

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < boneTransforms.size(); i++)
  		{
			uboVS.bones[i] = glm::transpose(glm::make_mat4(&boneTransforms[i].a1));
		}

		uint8_t *pData;
		VkResult err = vkMapMemory(device, uniformData.vsScene.memory, 0, sizeof(uboVS), 0, (void **)&pData);
		assert(!err);
		memcpy(pData, &uboVS, sizeof(uboVS));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformData.vsScene.memory);
	}

	void prepare()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepare();
		loadTextures();
		loadMesh();
		setupVertexDescriptions();
		prepareUniformBuffers();
		setupDescriptorSetLayout();
		preparePipelines();
		setupDescriptorPool();
		setupDescriptorSet();
		buildCommandBuffers();
		prepared = true;
	}

	virtual void render()
	{
		if (!prepared)
			return;
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
		draw();
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
		if (!paused)
		{
			runningTime += frameTimer * 0.75f;
			updateUniformBuffers();
		}
	}

	virtual void viewChanged()
	{
		updateUniformBuffers();
	}
};

VulkanExample *vulkanExample;

#if defined(_WIN32)
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
	if (vulkanExample != NULL)
	{
		vulkanExample->handleMessages(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
	}
	return (DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam));
}
#elif defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
static void handleEvent(const xcb_generic_event_t *event)
{
	if (vulkanExample != NULL)
	{
		vulkanExample->handleEvent(event);
	}
}
#endif

// Main entry point
#if defined(_WIN32)
// Windows entry point
int APIENTRY WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR pCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
#elif defined(__ANDROID__)
// Android entry point
void android_main(android_app* state)
#elif defined(__linux__)
// Linux entry point
int main(const int argc, const char *argv[])
#endif
{
#if defined(__ANDROID__)
	// Removing this may cause the compiler to omit the main entry point 
	// which would make the application crash at start
	app_dummy();
#endif
	vulkanExample = new VulkanExample();
#if defined(_WIN32)
	vulkanExample->setupWindow(hInstance, WndProc);
#elif defined(__ANDROID__)
	// Attach vulkan example to global android application state
	state->userData = vulkanExample;
	state->onAppCmd = VulkanExample::handleAppCommand;
	state->onInputEvent = VulkanExample::handleAppInput;
	vulkanExample->androidApp = state;
#elif defined(__linux__)
	vulkanExample->setupWindow();
#endif
#if !defined(__ANDROID__)
	vulkanExample->initSwapchain();
	vulkanExample->prepare();
#endif
	vulkanExample->renderLoop();
#if !defined(__ANDROID__)
	delete(vulkanExample);
	return 0;
#endif
}