procedural-3d-engine/base/VulkanTexture.hpp

/*
* Vulkan texture loader
*
* Copyright(C) by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license(MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

#pragma once

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>

#include "vulkan/vulkan.h"

#include <ktx.h>
#include <ktxvulkan.h>

#include "VulkanTools.h"
#include "VulkanDevice.hpp"
#include "VulkanBuffer.hpp"

#if defined(__ANDROID__)
#include <android/asset_manager.h>
#endif

namespace vks
{
	/** @brief Vulkan texture base class */
	class Texture {
	public:
		vks::VulkanDevice *device;
		VkImage image;
		VkImageLayout imageLayout;
		VkDeviceMemory deviceMemory;
		VkImageView view;
		uint32_t width, height;
		uint32_t mipLevels;
		uint32_t layerCount;
		VkDescriptorImageInfo descriptor;
		VkSampler sampler;

		void updateDescriptor()
		{
			descriptor.sampler = sampler;
			descriptor.imageView = view;
			descriptor.imageLayout = imageLayout;
		}

		void destroy()
		{
			vkDestroyImageView(device->logicalDevice, view, nullptr);
			vkDestroyImage(device->logicalDevice, image, nullptr);
			if (sampler)
			{
				vkDestroySampler(device->logicalDevice, sampler, nullptr);
			}
			vkFreeMemory(device->logicalDevice, deviceMemory, nullptr);
		}

		ktxResult loadKTXFile(std::string filename, ktxTexture **target)
		{
			ktxResult result = KTX_SUCCESS;
#if defined(__ANDROID__)
			AAsset* asset = AAssetManager_open(androidApp->activity->assetManager, filename.c_str(), AASSET_MODE_STREAMING);
			if (!asset) {
				vks::tools::exitFatal("Could not load texture from " + filename + "\n\nThe file may be part of the additional asset pack.\n\nRun \"download_assets.py\" in the repository root to download the latest version.", -1);
			}
			size_t size = AAsset_getLength(asset);
			assert(size > 0);
			ktx_uint8_t *textureData = new ktx_uint8_t[size];
			AAsset_read(asset, textureData, size);
			AAsset_close(asset);
			result = ktxTexture_CreateFromMemory(textureData, size, KTX_TEXTURE_CREATE_LOAD_IMAGE_DATA_BIT, target);
			delete[] textureData;
#else
			if (!vks::tools::fileExists(filename)) {
				vks::tools::exitFatal("Could not load texture from " + filename + "\n\nThe file may be part of the additional asset pack.\n\nRun \"download_assets.py\" in the repository root to download the latest version.", -1);
			}
			result = ktxTexture_CreateFromNamedFile(filename.c_str(), KTX_TEXTURE_CREATE_LOAD_IMAGE_DATA_BIT, target);			
#endif		
			return result;
		}
	};

	/** @brief 2D texture */
	class Texture2D : public Texture {
	public:
		/**
		* Load a 2D texture including all mip levels
		*
		* @param filename File to load (supports .ktx)
		* @param format Vulkan format of the image data stored in the file
		* @param device Vulkan device to create the texture on
		* @param copyQueue Queue used for the texture staging copy commands (must support transfer)
		* @param (Optional) imageUsageFlags Usage flags for the texture's image (defaults to VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT)
		* @param (Optional) imageLayout Usage layout for the texture (defaults VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
		* @param (Optional) forceLinear Force linear tiling (not advised, defaults to false)
		*
		*/
		void loadFromFile(
			std::string filename, 
			VkFormat format,
			vks::VulkanDevice *device,
			VkQueue copyQueue,
			VkImageUsageFlags imageUsageFlags = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
			VkImageLayout imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL, 
			bool forceLinear = false)
		{
			ktxTexture* ktxTexture;
			ktxResult result = loadKTXFile(filename, &ktxTexture);
			assert(result == KTX_SUCCESS);

			this->device = device;
			width = ktxTexture->baseWidth;
			height = ktxTexture->baseHeight;
			mipLevels = ktxTexture->numLevels;

			ktx_uint8_t *ktxTextureData = ktxTexture_GetData(ktxTexture);
			ktx_size_t ktxTextureSize = ktxTexture_GetSize(ktxTexture);

			// Get device properites for the requested texture format
			VkFormatProperties formatProperties;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(device->physicalDevice, format, &formatProperties);

			// Only use linear tiling if requested (and supported by the device)
			// Support for linear tiling is mostly limited, so prefer to use
			// optimal tiling instead
			// On most implementations linear tiling will only support a very
			// limited amount of formats and features (mip maps, cubemaps, arrays, etc.)
			VkBool32 useStaging = !forceLinear;

			VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAllocInfo = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
			VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;

			// Use a separate command buffer for texture loading
			VkCommandBuffer copyCmd = device->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);

			if (useStaging)
			{
				// Create a host-visible staging buffer that contains the raw image data
				VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
				VkDeviceMemory stagingMemory;

				VkBufferCreateInfo bufferCreateInfo = vks::initializers::bufferCreateInfo();
				bufferCreateInfo.size = ktxTextureSize;
				// This buffer is used as a transfer source for the buffer copy
				bufferCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
				bufferCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateBuffer(device->logicalDevice, &bufferCreateInfo, nullptr, &stagingBuffer));

				// Get memory requirements for the staging buffer (alignment, memory type bits)
				vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, &memReqs);

				memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
				// Get memory type index for a host visible buffer
				memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = device->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);

				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device->logicalDevice, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &stagingMemory));
				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindBufferMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, stagingMemory, 0));

				// Copy texture data into staging buffer
				uint8_t *data;
				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkMapMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory, 0, memReqs.size, 0, (void **)&data));
				memcpy(data, ktxTextureData, ktxTextureSize);
				vkUnmapMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory);

				// Setup buffer copy regions for each mip level
				std::vector<VkBufferImageCopy> bufferCopyRegions;

				for (uint32_t i = 0; i < mipLevels; i++)
				{
					ktx_size_t offset;
					KTX_error_code result = ktxTexture_GetImageOffset(ktxTexture, i, 0, 0, &offset);
					assert(result == KTX_SUCCESS);

					VkBufferImageCopy bufferCopyRegion = {};
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.mipLevel = i;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.width = std::max(1u, ktxTexture->baseWidth >> i);
					bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.height = std::max(1u, ktxTexture->baseHeight >> i);
					bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.depth = 1;
					bufferCopyRegion.bufferOffset = offset;

					bufferCopyRegions.push_back(bufferCopyRegion);
				}

				// Create optimal tiled target image
				VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
				imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
				imageCreateInfo.format = format;
				imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = mipLevels;
				imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
				imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
				imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
				imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
				imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
				imageCreateInfo.extent = { width, height, 1 };
				imageCreateInfo.usage = imageUsageFlags;
				// Ensure that the TRANSFER_DST bit is set for staging
				if (!(imageCreateInfo.usage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT))
				{
					imageCreateInfo.usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
				}
				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device->logicalDevice, &imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &image));

				vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device->logicalDevice, image, &memReqs);

				memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;

				memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = device->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device->logicalDevice, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &deviceMemory));
				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device->logicalDevice, image, deviceMemory, 0));

				VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {};
				subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
				subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
				subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
				subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

				// Image barrier for optimal image (target)
				// Optimal image will be used as destination for the copy
				vks::tools::setImageLayout(
					copyCmd,
					image,
					VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
					VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
					subresourceRange);

				// Copy mip levels from staging buffer
				vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(
					copyCmd,
					stagingBuffer,
					image,
					VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
					static_cast<uint32_t>(bufferCopyRegions.size()),
					bufferCopyRegions.data()
				);

				// Change texture image layout to shader read after all mip levels have been copied
				this->imageLayout = imageLayout;
				vks::tools::setImageLayout(
					copyCmd,
					image,
					VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
					imageLayout,
					subresourceRange);

				device->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, copyQueue);

				// Clean up staging resources
				vkFreeMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory, nullptr);
				vkDestroyBuffer(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
			}
			else
			{
				// Prefer using optimal tiling, as linear tiling 
				// may support only a small set of features 
				// depending on implementation (e.g. no mip maps, only one layer, etc.)

				// Check if this support is supported for linear tiling
				assert(formatProperties.linearTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT);

				VkImage mappableImage;
				VkDeviceMemory mappableMemory;

				VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
				imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
				imageCreateInfo.format = format;
				imageCreateInfo.extent = { width, height, 1 };
				imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
				imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
				imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
				imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR;
				imageCreateInfo.usage = imageUsageFlags;
				imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
				imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;

				// Load mip map level 0 to linear tiling image
				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device->logicalDevice, &imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &mappableImage));

				// Get memory requirements for this image 
				// like size and alignment
				vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device->logicalDevice, mappableImage, &memReqs);
				// Set memory allocation size to required memory size
				memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;

				// Get memory type that can be mapped to host memory
				memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = device->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);

				// Allocate host memory
				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device->logicalDevice, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &mappableMemory));

				// Bind allocated image for use
				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device->logicalDevice, mappableImage, mappableMemory, 0));

				// Get sub resource layout
				// Mip map count, array layer, etc.
				VkImageSubresource subRes = {};
				subRes.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
				subRes.mipLevel = 0;

				VkSubresourceLayout subResLayout;
				void *data;

				// Get sub resources layout 
				// Includes row pitch, size offsets, etc.
				vkGetImageSubresourceLayout(device->logicalDevice, mappableImage, &subRes, &subResLayout);

				// Map image memory
				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkMapMemory(device->logicalDevice, mappableMemory, 0, memReqs.size, 0, &data));

				// Copy image data into memory
				memcpy(data, ktxTextureData, memReqs.size);

				vkUnmapMemory(device->logicalDevice, mappableMemory);

				// Linear tiled images don't need to be staged
				// and can be directly used as textures
				image = mappableImage;
				deviceMemory = mappableMemory;
				this->imageLayout = imageLayout;

				// Setup image memory barrier
				vks::tools::setImageLayout(copyCmd, image, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, imageLayout);

				device->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, copyQueue);
			}

			ktxTexture_Destroy(ktxTexture);

			// Create a defaultsampler
			VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerCreateInfo = {};
			samplerCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
			samplerCreateInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
			samplerCreateInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
			samplerCreateInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
			samplerCreateInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
			samplerCreateInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_NEVER;
			samplerCreateInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
			// Max level-of-detail should match mip level count
			samplerCreateInfo.maxLod = (useStaging) ? (float)mipLevels : 0.0f;
			// Only enable anisotropic filtering if enabled on the devicec
			samplerCreateInfo.maxAnisotropy = device->enabledFeatures.samplerAnisotropy ? device->properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy : 1.0f;
			samplerCreateInfo.anisotropyEnable = device->enabledFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
			samplerCreateInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(device->logicalDevice, &samplerCreateInfo, nullptr, &sampler));

			// Create image view
			// Textures are not directly accessed by the shaders and
			// are abstracted by image views containing additional
			// information and sub resource ranges
			VkImageViewCreateInfo viewCreateInfo = {};
			viewCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
			viewCreateInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
			viewCreateInfo.format = format;
			viewCreateInfo.components = { VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A };
			viewCreateInfo.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 };
			// Linear tiling usually won't support mip maps
			// Only set mip map count if optimal tiling is used
			viewCreateInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = (useStaging) ? mipLevels : 1;
			viewCreateInfo.image = image;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device->logicalDevice, &viewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view));

			// Update descriptor image info member that can be used for setting up descriptor sets
			updateDescriptor();
		}

		/**
		* Creates a 2D texture from a buffer
		*
		* @param buffer Buffer containing texture data to upload
		* @param bufferSize Size of the buffer in machine units
		* @param width Width of the texture to create
		* @param height Height of the texture to create
		* @param format Vulkan format of the image data stored in the file
		* @param device Vulkan device to create the texture on
		* @param copyQueue Queue used for the texture staging copy commands (must support transfer)
		* @param (Optional) filter Texture filtering for the sampler (defaults to VK_FILTER_LINEAR)
		* @param (Optional) imageUsageFlags Usage flags for the texture's image (defaults to VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT)
		* @param (Optional) imageLayout Usage layout for the texture (defaults VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
		*/
		void fromBuffer(
			void* buffer,
			VkDeviceSize bufferSize,
			VkFormat format,
			uint32_t texWidth,
			uint32_t texHeight,
			vks::VulkanDevice *device,
			VkQueue copyQueue,
			VkFilter filter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR,
			VkImageUsageFlags imageUsageFlags = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
			VkImageLayout imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
		{
			assert(buffer);

			this->device = device;
			width = texWidth;
			height = texHeight;
			mipLevels = 1;

			VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAllocInfo = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
			VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;

			// Use a separate command buffer for texture loading
			VkCommandBuffer copyCmd = device->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);

			// Create a host-visible staging buffer that contains the raw image data
			VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
			VkDeviceMemory stagingMemory;

			VkBufferCreateInfo bufferCreateInfo = vks::initializers::bufferCreateInfo();
			bufferCreateInfo.size = bufferSize;
			// This buffer is used as a transfer source for the buffer copy
			bufferCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
			bufferCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateBuffer(device->logicalDevice, &bufferCreateInfo, nullptr, &stagingBuffer));

			// Get memory requirements for the staging buffer (alignment, memory type bits)
			vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, &memReqs);

			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
			// Get memory type index for a host visible buffer
			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = device->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device->logicalDevice, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &stagingMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindBufferMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, stagingMemory, 0));

			// Copy texture data into staging buffer
			uint8_t *data;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkMapMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory, 0, memReqs.size, 0, (void **)&data));
			memcpy(data, buffer, bufferSize);
			vkUnmapMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory);

			VkBufferImageCopy bufferCopyRegion = {};
			bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
			bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
			bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.width = width;
			bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.height = height;
			bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.depth = 1;
			bufferCopyRegion.bufferOffset = 0;

			// Create optimal tiled target image
			VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
			imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
			imageCreateInfo.format = format;
			imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = mipLevels;
			imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
			imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
			imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
			imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
			imageCreateInfo.extent = { width, height, 1 };
			imageCreateInfo.usage = imageUsageFlags;
			// Ensure that the TRANSFER_DST bit is set for staging
			if (!(imageCreateInfo.usage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT))
			{
				imageCreateInfo.usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
			}
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device->logicalDevice, &imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &image));

			vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device->logicalDevice, image, &memReqs);

			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;

			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = device->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device->logicalDevice, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &deviceMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device->logicalDevice, image, deviceMemory, 0));

			VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {};
			subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
			subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
			subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

			// Image barrier for optimal image (target)
			// Optimal image will be used as destination for the copy
			vks::tools::setImageLayout(
				copyCmd,
				image,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				subresourceRange);

			// Copy mip levels from staging buffer
			vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(
				copyCmd,
				stagingBuffer,
				image,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				1,
				&bufferCopyRegion
			);

			// Change texture image layout to shader read after all mip levels have been copied
			this->imageLayout = imageLayout;
			vks::tools::setImageLayout(
				copyCmd,
				image,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				imageLayout,
				subresourceRange);

			device->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, copyQueue);

			// Clean up staging resources
			vkFreeMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory, nullptr);
			vkDestroyBuffer(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, nullptr);

			// Create sampler
			VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerCreateInfo = {};
			samplerCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
			samplerCreateInfo.magFilter = filter;
			samplerCreateInfo.minFilter = filter;
			samplerCreateInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
			samplerCreateInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
			samplerCreateInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_NEVER;
			samplerCreateInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
			samplerCreateInfo.maxLod = 0.0f;
			samplerCreateInfo.maxAnisotropy = 1.0f;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(device->logicalDevice, &samplerCreateInfo, nullptr, &sampler));

			// Create image view
			VkImageViewCreateInfo viewCreateInfo = {};
			viewCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
			viewCreateInfo.pNext = NULL;
			viewCreateInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
			viewCreateInfo.format = format;
			viewCreateInfo.components = { VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A };
			viewCreateInfo.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 };
			viewCreateInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
			viewCreateInfo.image = image;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device->logicalDevice, &viewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view));

			// Update descriptor image info member that can be used for setting up descriptor sets
			updateDescriptor();
		}

	};

	/** @brief 2D array texture */
	class Texture2DArray : public Texture {
	public:
		/**
		* Load a 2D texture array including all mip levels
		*
		* @param filename File to load (supports .ktx)
		* @param format Vulkan format of the image data stored in the file
		* @param device Vulkan device to create the texture on
		* @param copyQueue Queue used for the texture staging copy commands (must support transfer)
		* @param (Optional) imageUsageFlags Usage flags for the texture's image (defaults to VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT)
		* @param (Optional) imageLayout Usage layout for the texture (defaults VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
		*
		*/
		void loadFromFile(
			std::string filename,
			VkFormat format,
			vks::VulkanDevice *device,
			VkQueue copyQueue,
			VkImageUsageFlags imageUsageFlags = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
			VkImageLayout imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
		{
			ktxTexture* ktxTexture;
			ktxResult result = loadKTXFile(filename, &ktxTexture);
			assert(result == KTX_SUCCESS);

			this->device = device;
			width = ktxTexture->baseWidth;
			height = ktxTexture->baseHeight;
			layerCount = ktxTexture->numLayers;
			mipLevels = ktxTexture->numLevels;

			ktx_uint8_t *ktxTextureData = ktxTexture_GetData(ktxTexture);
			ktx_size_t ktxTextureSize = ktxTexture_GetSize(ktxTexture);

			VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAllocInfo = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
			VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;

			// Create a host-visible staging buffer that contains the raw image data
			VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
			VkDeviceMemory stagingMemory;

			VkBufferCreateInfo bufferCreateInfo = vks::initializers::bufferCreateInfo();
			bufferCreateInfo.size = ktxTextureSize;
			// This buffer is used as a transfer source for the buffer copy
			bufferCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
			bufferCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateBuffer(device->logicalDevice, &bufferCreateInfo, nullptr, &stagingBuffer));

			// Get memory requirements for the staging buffer (alignment, memory type bits)
			vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, &memReqs);

			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
			// Get memory type index for a host visible buffer
			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = device->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device->logicalDevice, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &stagingMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindBufferMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, stagingMemory, 0));

			// Copy texture data into staging buffer
			uint8_t *data;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkMapMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory, 0, memReqs.size, 0, (void **)&data));
			memcpy(data, ktxTextureData, ktxTextureSize);
			vkUnmapMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory);

			// Setup buffer copy regions for each layer including all of its miplevels
			std::vector<VkBufferImageCopy> bufferCopyRegions;

			for (uint32_t layer = 0; layer < layerCount; layer++)
			{
				for (uint32_t level = 0; level < mipLevels; level++)
				{
					ktx_size_t offset;
					KTX_error_code result = ktxTexture_GetImageOffset(ktxTexture, level, layer, 0, &offset);
					assert(result == KTX_SUCCESS);

					VkBufferImageCopy bufferCopyRegion = {};
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.mipLevel = level;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = layer;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.width = ktxTexture->baseWidth >> level;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.height = ktxTexture->baseHeight >> level;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.depth = 1;
					bufferCopyRegion.bufferOffset = offset;

					bufferCopyRegions.push_back(bufferCopyRegion);
				}
			}

			// Create optimal tiled target image
			VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
			imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
			imageCreateInfo.format = format;
			imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
			imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
			imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
			imageCreateInfo.extent = { width, height, 1 };
			imageCreateInfo.usage = imageUsageFlags;
			// Ensure that the TRANSFER_DST bit is set for staging
			if (!(imageCreateInfo.usage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT))
			{
				imageCreateInfo.usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
			}
			imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = layerCount;
			imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = mipLevels;

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device->logicalDevice, &imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &image));

			vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device->logicalDevice, image, &memReqs);

			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = device->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device->logicalDevice, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &deviceMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device->logicalDevice, image, deviceMemory, 0));

			// Use a separate command buffer for texture loading
			VkCommandBuffer copyCmd = device->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);

			// Image barrier for optimal image (target)
			// Set initial layout for all array layers (faces) of the optimal (target) tiled texture
			VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {};
			subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
			subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
			subresourceRange.layerCount = layerCount;

			vks::tools::setImageLayout(
				copyCmd,
				image,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				subresourceRange);

			// Copy the layers and mip levels from the staging buffer to the optimal tiled image
			vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(
				copyCmd,
				stagingBuffer,
				image,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				static_cast<uint32_t>(bufferCopyRegions.size()),
				bufferCopyRegions.data());

			// Change texture image layout to shader read after all faces have been copied
			this->imageLayout = imageLayout;
			vks::tools::setImageLayout(
				copyCmd,
				image,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				imageLayout,
				subresourceRange);

			device->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, copyQueue);

			// Create sampler
			VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerCreateInfo = vks::initializers::samplerCreateInfo();
			samplerCreateInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
			samplerCreateInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
			samplerCreateInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeV = samplerCreateInfo.addressModeU;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeW = samplerCreateInfo.addressModeU;
			samplerCreateInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
			samplerCreateInfo.maxAnisotropy = device->enabledFeatures.samplerAnisotropy ? device->properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy : 1.0f;
			samplerCreateInfo.anisotropyEnable = device->enabledFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
			samplerCreateInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_NEVER;
			samplerCreateInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
			samplerCreateInfo.maxLod = (float)mipLevels;
			samplerCreateInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(device->logicalDevice, &samplerCreateInfo, nullptr, &sampler));

			// Create image view
			VkImageViewCreateInfo viewCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageViewCreateInfo();
			viewCreateInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D_ARRAY;
			viewCreateInfo.format = format;
			viewCreateInfo.components = { VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A };
			viewCreateInfo.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 };
			viewCreateInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = layerCount;
			viewCreateInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
			viewCreateInfo.image = image;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device->logicalDevice, &viewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view));

			// Clean up staging resources
			ktxTexture_Destroy(ktxTexture);
			vkFreeMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory, nullptr);
			vkDestroyBuffer(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, nullptr);

			// Update descriptor image info member that can be used for setting up descriptor sets
			updateDescriptor();
		}
	};

	/** @brief Cube map texture */
	class TextureCubeMap : public Texture {
	public:
		/**
		* Load a cubemap texture including all mip levels from a single file
		*
		* @param filename File to load (supports .ktx)
		* @param format Vulkan format of the image data stored in the file
		* @param device Vulkan device to create the texture on
		* @param copyQueue Queue used for the texture staging copy commands (must support transfer)
		* @param (Optional) imageUsageFlags Usage flags for the texture's image (defaults to VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT)
		* @param (Optional) imageLayout Usage layout for the texture (defaults VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
		*
		*/
		void loadFromFile(
			std::string filename,
			VkFormat format,
			vks::VulkanDevice *device,
			VkQueue copyQueue,
			VkImageUsageFlags imageUsageFlags = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
			VkImageLayout imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
		{
			ktxTexture* ktxTexture;
			ktxResult result = loadKTXFile(filename, &ktxTexture);
			assert(result == KTX_SUCCESS);

			this->device = device;
			width = ktxTexture->baseWidth;
			height = ktxTexture->baseHeight;
			mipLevels = ktxTexture->numLevels;

			ktx_uint8_t *ktxTextureData = ktxTexture_GetData(ktxTexture);
			ktx_size_t ktxTextureSize = ktxTexture_GetSize(ktxTexture);

			VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAllocInfo = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
			VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;

			// Create a host-visible staging buffer that contains the raw image data
			VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
			VkDeviceMemory stagingMemory;

			VkBufferCreateInfo bufferCreateInfo = vks::initializers::bufferCreateInfo();
			bufferCreateInfo.size = ktxTextureSize;
			// This buffer is used as a transfer source for the buffer copy
			bufferCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
			bufferCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateBuffer(device->logicalDevice, &bufferCreateInfo, nullptr, &stagingBuffer));

			// Get memory requirements for the staging buffer (alignment, memory type bits)
			vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, &memReqs);

			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
			// Get memory type index for a host visible buffer
			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = device->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device->logicalDevice, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &stagingMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindBufferMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, stagingMemory, 0));

			// Copy texture data into staging buffer
			uint8_t *data;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkMapMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory, 0, memReqs.size, 0, (void **)&data));
			memcpy(data, ktxTextureData, ktxTextureSize);
			vkUnmapMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory);

			// Setup buffer copy regions for each face including all of its miplevels
			std::vector<VkBufferImageCopy> bufferCopyRegions;

			for (uint32_t face = 0; face < 6; face++)
			{
				for (uint32_t level = 0; level < mipLevels; level++)
				{
					ktx_size_t offset;
					KTX_error_code result = ktxTexture_GetImageOffset(ktxTexture, level, 0, face, &offset);
					assert(result == KTX_SUCCESS);

					VkBufferImageCopy bufferCopyRegion = {};
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.mipLevel = level;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = face;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.width = ktxTexture->baseWidth >> level;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.height = ktxTexture->baseHeight >> level;
					bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.depth = 1;
					bufferCopyRegion.bufferOffset = offset;

					bufferCopyRegions.push_back(bufferCopyRegion);
				}
			}

			// Create optimal tiled target image
			VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
			imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
			imageCreateInfo.format = format;
			imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = mipLevels;
			imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
			imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
			imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
			imageCreateInfo.extent = { width, height, 1 };
			imageCreateInfo.usage = imageUsageFlags;
			// Ensure that the TRANSFER_DST bit is set for staging
			if (!(imageCreateInfo.usage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT))
			{
				imageCreateInfo.usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
			}
			// Cube faces count as array layers in Vulkan
			imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 6;
			// This flag is required for cube map images
			imageCreateInfo.flags = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_CUBE_COMPATIBLE_BIT;


			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device->logicalDevice, &imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &image));

			vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device->logicalDevice, image, &memReqs);

			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = device->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device->logicalDevice, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &deviceMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device->logicalDevice, image, deviceMemory, 0));

			// Use a separate command buffer for texture loading
			VkCommandBuffer copyCmd = device->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);

			// Image barrier for optimal image (target)
			// Set initial layout for all array layers (faces) of the optimal (target) tiled texture
			VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {};
			subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
			subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
			subresourceRange.layerCount = 6;

			vks::tools::setImageLayout(
				copyCmd,
				image,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				subresourceRange);

			// Copy the cube map faces from the staging buffer to the optimal tiled image
			vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(
				copyCmd,
				stagingBuffer,
				image,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				static_cast<uint32_t>(bufferCopyRegions.size()),
				bufferCopyRegions.data());

			// Change texture image layout to shader read after all faces have been copied
			this->imageLayout = imageLayout;
			vks::tools::setImageLayout(
				copyCmd,
				image,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				imageLayout,
				subresourceRange);

			device->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, copyQueue);

			// Create sampler
			VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerCreateInfo = vks::initializers::samplerCreateInfo();
			samplerCreateInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
			samplerCreateInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
			samplerCreateInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeV = samplerCreateInfo.addressModeU;
			samplerCreateInfo.addressModeW = samplerCreateInfo.addressModeU;
			samplerCreateInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
			samplerCreateInfo.maxAnisotropy = device->enabledFeatures.samplerAnisotropy ? device->properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy : 1.0f;
			samplerCreateInfo.anisotropyEnable = device->enabledFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
			samplerCreateInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_NEVER;
			samplerCreateInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
			samplerCreateInfo.maxLod = (float)mipLevels;
			samplerCreateInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(device->logicalDevice, &samplerCreateInfo, nullptr, &sampler));

			// Create image view
			VkImageViewCreateInfo viewCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageViewCreateInfo();
			viewCreateInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_CUBE;
			viewCreateInfo.format = format;
			viewCreateInfo.components = { VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A };
			viewCreateInfo.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 };
			viewCreateInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 6;
			viewCreateInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
			viewCreateInfo.image = image;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device->logicalDevice, &viewCreateInfo, nullptr, &view));

			// Clean up staging resources
			ktxTexture_Destroy(ktxTexture);
			vkFreeMemory(device->logicalDevice, stagingMemory, nullptr);
			vkDestroyBuffer(device->logicalDevice, stagingBuffer, nullptr);

			// Update descriptor image info member that can be used for setting up descriptor sets
			updateDescriptor();
		}
	};

}