procedural-3d-engine/deferred/deferred.cpp

/*
* Vulkan Example - Deferred shading multiple render targets (aka G-Buffer) example
*
* Copyright (C) 2016 by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license (MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <vector>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include "vulkanexamplebase.h"

#define VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID 0
#define ENABLE_VALIDATION false

// Texture properties
#define TEX_DIM 1024
#define TEX_FILTER VK_FILTER_LINEAR

// Offscreen frame buffer properties
#define FB_DIM TEX_DIM

// Vertex layout for this example
std::vector<vkMeshLoader::VertexLayout> vertexLayout =
{
	vkMeshLoader::VERTEX_LAYOUT_POSITION,
	vkMeshLoader::VERTEX_LAYOUT_UV,
	vkMeshLoader::VERTEX_LAYOUT_COLOR,
	vkMeshLoader::VERTEX_LAYOUT_NORMAL
};

class VulkanExample : public VulkanExampleBase
{
public:
	bool debugDisplay = true;

	struct {
		vkTools::VulkanTexture colorMap;
	} textures;

	struct {
		vkMeshLoader::MeshBuffer example;
		vkMeshLoader::MeshBuffer quad;
	} meshes;

	struct {
		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo inputState;
		std::vector<VkVertexInputBindingDescription> bindingDescriptions;
		std::vector<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription> attributeDescriptions;
	} vertices;

	struct {
		glm::mat4 projection;
		glm::mat4 model;
		glm::mat4 view;
	} uboVS, uboOffscreenVS;

	struct Light {
		glm::vec4 position;
		glm::vec4 color;
		float radius;
		float quadraticFalloff;
		float linearFalloff;
		float _pad;
	};

	struct {
		Light lights[5];
		glm::vec4 viewPos;
	} uboFragmentLights;

	struct {
		vkTools::UniformData vsFullScreen;
		vkTools::UniformData vsOffscreen;
		vkTools::UniformData fsLights;
	} uniformData;

	struct {
		VkPipeline deferred;
		VkPipeline offscreen;
		VkPipeline debug;
	} pipelines;

	struct {
		VkPipelineLayout deferred; 
		VkPipelineLayout offscreen;
	} pipelineLayouts;

	struct {
		VkDescriptorSet offscreen;
	} descriptorSets;

	VkDescriptorSet descriptorSet;
	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;

	// Framebuffer for offscreen rendering
	struct FrameBufferAttachment {
		VkImage image;
		VkDeviceMemory mem;
		VkImageView view;
		VkFormat format;
	};
	struct FrameBuffer {
		int32_t width, height;
		VkFramebuffer frameBuffer;		
		FrameBufferAttachment position, normal, albedo;
		FrameBufferAttachment depth;
		VkRenderPass renderPass;
	} offScreenFrameBuf;
	
	// Texture targets
	struct {
		vkTools::VulkanTexture position;
		vkTools::VulkanTexture normal;
		vkTools::VulkanTexture albedo;
	} textureTargets;

	VkCommandBuffer offScreenCmdBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

	VulkanExample() : VulkanExampleBase(ENABLE_VALIDATION)
	{
		zoom = -8.0f;
		rotation = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
		width = 1024;
		height = 1024;
		title = "Vulkan Example - Deferred shading";
	}

	~VulkanExample()
	{
		// Clean up used Vulkan resources 
		// Note : Inherited destructor cleans up resources stored in base class

		// Texture targets
		textureLoader->destroyTexture(textureTargets.position);
		textureLoader->destroyTexture(textureTargets.normal);
		textureLoader->destroyTexture(textureTargets.albedo);

		// Frame buffer

		// Color attachments
		vkDestroyImageView(device, offScreenFrameBuf.position.view, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, offScreenFrameBuf.position.image, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, offScreenFrameBuf.position.mem, nullptr);

		vkDestroyImageView(device, offScreenFrameBuf.normal.view, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, offScreenFrameBuf.normal.image, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, offScreenFrameBuf.normal.mem, nullptr);

		vkDestroyImageView(device, offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.view, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.image, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.mem, nullptr);

		// Depth attachment
		vkDestroyImageView(device, offScreenFrameBuf.depth.view, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, offScreenFrameBuf.depth.image, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, offScreenFrameBuf.depth.mem, nullptr);

		vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, offScreenFrameBuf.frameBuffer, nullptr);

		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.deferred, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.offscreen, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.debug, nullptr);

		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayouts.deferred, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayouts.offscreen, nullptr);

		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

		// Meshes
		vkMeshLoader::freeMeshBufferResources(device, &meshes.example);
		vkMeshLoader::freeMeshBufferResources(device, &meshes.quad);

		// Uniform buffers
		vkTools::destroyUniformData(device, &uniformData.vsOffscreen);
		vkTools::destroyUniformData(device, &uniformData.vsFullScreen);
		vkTools::destroyUniformData(device, &uniformData.fsLights);

		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, cmdPool, 1, &offScreenCmdBuffer);

		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass, nullptr);

		textureLoader->destroyTexture(textures.colorMap);
	}

	// Preapre an empty texture as the blit target from 
	// the offscreen framebuffer
	void prepareTextureTarget(vkTools::VulkanTexture *target, VkFormat format)
	{
		VkFormatProperties formatProperties;
		VkResult err;

		uint32_t width = TEX_DIM;
		uint32_t height = TEX_DIM;

		// Prepare blit target texture
		target->width = width;
		target->height = height;

		VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = vkTools::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
		imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
		imageCreateInfo.format = format;
		imageCreateInfo.extent = { width, height, 1 };
		imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
		imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
		imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
		// Texture will be sampled in a shader and is also the blit destination
		imageCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
		imageCreateInfo.flags = 0;

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAllocInfo = vkTools::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
		VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;

		err = vkCreateImage(device, &imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &target->image);
		assert(!err);
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, target->image, &memReqs);
		memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
		getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, &memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
		err = vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &target->deviceMemory);
		assert(!err);
		err = vkBindImageMemory(device, target->image, target->deviceMemory, 0);
		assert(!err);

		// Image memory barrier
		// Set initial layout for the offscreen texture to shader read
		// Will be transformed while updating the texture
		textureTargets.position.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
		vkTools::setImageLayout(
			setupCmdBuffer, 
			target->image,
			VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, 
			textureTargets.position.imageLayout);

		// Create sampler
		VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler = vkTools::initializers::samplerCreateInfo();
		sampler.magFilter = TEX_FILTER;
		sampler.minFilter = TEX_FILTER;
		sampler.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		sampler.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER;
		sampler.addressModeV = sampler.addressModeV;
		sampler.addressModeW = sampler.addressModeV;
		sampler.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
		sampler.maxAnisotropy = 0;
		sampler.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_NEVER;
		sampler.minLod = 0.0f;
		sampler.maxLod = 0.0f;
		sampler.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE;
		err = vkCreateSampler(device, &sampler, nullptr, &target->sampler);
		assert(!err);

		// Create image view
		VkImageViewCreateInfo view = {};
		view.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
		view.pNext = NULL;
		view.image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
		view.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		view.format = format;
		view.components = { VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A };
		view.subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 };
		view.image = target->image;
		err = vkCreateImageView(device, &view, nullptr, &target->view);
		assert(!err);
	}

	void prepareTextureTargets()
	{
		createSetupCommandBuffer();

		prepareTextureTarget(&textureTargets.position, VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT);
		prepareTextureTarget(&textureTargets.normal, VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT);
		prepareTextureTarget(&textureTargets.albedo, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM);

		flushSetupCommandBuffer();
	}

	// Create a frame buffer attachment
	void createAttachment(
		VkFormat format,  
		VkImageUsageFlagBits usage,
		FrameBufferAttachment *attachment)
	{
		VkImageAspectFlags aspectMask = 0;
		VkImageLayout imageLayout;

		attachment->format = format;

		if (usage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT)
		{
			aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
		}
		if (usage & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT)
		{
			aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT | VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
			imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
		}

		assert(aspectMask > 0);

		VkImageCreateInfo image = vkTools::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
		image.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
		image.format = format;
		image.extent.width = offScreenFrameBuf.width;
		image.extent.height = offScreenFrameBuf.height;
		image.mipLevels = 1;
		image.arrayLayers = 1;
		image.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		image.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
		image.usage = usage | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAlloc = vkTools::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();

		VkImageViewCreateInfo imageView = vkTools::initializers::imageViewCreateInfo();
		imageView.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		imageView.format = format;
		imageView.subresourceRange = {};
		imageView.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspectMask;
		imageView.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		imageView.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		imageView.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		imageView.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

		VkMemoryRequirements memReqs;

		VkResult err = vkCreateImage(device, &image, nullptr, &attachment->image);
		assert(!err);
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, attachment->image, &memReqs);
		memAlloc.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
		getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, &memAlloc.memoryTypeIndex);
		err = vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAlloc, nullptr, &attachment->mem);
		assert(!err);

		err = vkBindImageMemory(device, attachment->image, attachment->mem, 0);
		assert(!err);
		
		vkTools::setImageLayout(
			setupCmdBuffer,
			attachment->image,
			aspectMask,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
			imageLayout);

		imageView.image = attachment->image;
		err = vkCreateImageView(device, &imageView, nullptr, &attachment->view);
		assert(!err);
	}

	// Prepare a new framebuffer for offscreen rendering
	// The contents of this framebuffer are then
	// blitted to our render target
	void prepareOffscreenFramebuffer()
	{
		offScreenFrameBuf.width = FB_DIM;
		offScreenFrameBuf.height = FB_DIM;

		VkResult err;

		// Color attachments

		// (World space) Positions
		createAttachment(
			VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
			&offScreenFrameBuf.position);

		// (World space) Normals
		createAttachment(
			VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
			&offScreenFrameBuf.normal);

		// Albedo (color)
		createAttachment(
			VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
			&offScreenFrameBuf.albedo);

		// Depth attachment

		// Find a suitable depth format
		VkFormat attDepthFormat;
		VkBool32 validDepthFormat = vkTools::getSupportedDepthFormat(physicalDevice, &attDepthFormat);
		assert(validDepthFormat);

		createAttachment(
			attDepthFormat,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
			&offScreenFrameBuf.depth);

		// Set up separate renderpass with references
		// to the color and depth attachments

		std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 4> attachmentDescs = {};

		// Init attachment properties
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
		{
			attachmentDescs[i].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
			attachmentDescs[i].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
			attachmentDescs[i].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
			attachmentDescs[i].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
			attachmentDescs[i].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
			if (i == 3)
			{
				attachmentDescs[i].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
				attachmentDescs[i].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
			}
			else
			{
				attachmentDescs[i].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
				attachmentDescs[i].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
			}
		}

		// Formats
		attachmentDescs[0].format = offScreenFrameBuf.position.format;
		attachmentDescs[1].format = offScreenFrameBuf.normal.format;
		attachmentDescs[2].format = offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.format;
		attachmentDescs[3].format = offScreenFrameBuf.depth.format;

		std::vector<VkAttachmentReference> colorReferences;
		colorReferences.push_back({ 0, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL });
		colorReferences.push_back({ 1, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL });
		colorReferences.push_back({ 2, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL });

		VkAttachmentReference depthReference = {};
		depthReference.attachment = 3;
		depthReference.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.pColorAttachments = colorReferences.data();
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = colorReferences.size();
		subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthReference;

		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachmentDescs.data();
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = attachmentDescs.size();
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
	
		err = vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass);
		assert(!err);
	
		std::array<VkImageView,4> attachments;
		attachments[0] = offScreenFrameBuf.position.view;
		attachments[1] = offScreenFrameBuf.normal.view;
		attachments[2] = offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.view;
		// depth
		attachments[3] = offScreenFrameBuf.depth.view;

		VkFramebufferCreateInfo fbufCreateInfo = {};
		fbufCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		fbufCreateInfo.pNext = NULL;
		fbufCreateInfo.renderPass = offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass;
		fbufCreateInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
		fbufCreateInfo.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
		fbufCreateInfo.width = offScreenFrameBuf.width;
		fbufCreateInfo.height = offScreenFrameBuf.height;
		fbufCreateInfo.layers = 1;

		err = vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &fbufCreateInfo, nullptr, &offScreenFrameBuf.frameBuffer);
		assert(!err);

		flushSetupCommandBuffer();
		createSetupCommandBuffer();
	}

	// Blit frame buffer attachment to texture target
	void blit(VkImage source, VkImage dest)
	{
		// Image memory barrier
		// Transform frame buffer color attachment to transfer source layout
		// Makes sure that writes to the color attachment are finished before
		// using it as source for the blit
		vkTools::setImageLayout(
			offScreenCmdBuffer,
			source,
			VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL);

		// Image memory barrier
		// Transform texture from shader read (initial layout) to transfer destination layout
		// Makes sure that reads from texture are finished before
		// using it as a transfer destination for the blit
		vkTools::setImageLayout(
			offScreenCmdBuffer,
			dest,
			VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL);

		// Blit offscreen color buffer to our texture target
		VkImageBlit imgBlit;

		imgBlit.srcSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		imgBlit.srcSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
		imgBlit.srcSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		imgBlit.srcSubresource.layerCount = 1;
		 
		imgBlit.srcOffsets[0] = { 0, 0, 0 };
		imgBlit.srcOffsets[1].x = offScreenFrameBuf.width;
		imgBlit.srcOffsets[1].y = offScreenFrameBuf.height;
		imgBlit.srcOffsets[1].z = 1;

		imgBlit.dstSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		imgBlit.dstSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
		imgBlit.dstSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		imgBlit.dstSubresource.layerCount = 1;

		imgBlit.dstOffsets[0] = { 0, 0, 0 };
		imgBlit.dstOffsets[1].x = textureTargets.position.width;
		imgBlit.dstOffsets[1].y = textureTargets.position.height;
		imgBlit.dstOffsets[1].z = 1;

		// Blit from framebuffer image to texture image
		// vkCmdBlitImage does scaling and (if necessary and possible) also does format conversions
		vkCmdBlitImage(
			offScreenCmdBuffer,
			source,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
			dest,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
			1,
			&imgBlit,
			VK_FILTER_LINEAR
			);

		// Image memory barrier
		// Transform texture from transfer destination to shader read
		// Makes sure that writes to the texture are finished before
		// using it as the source for a sampler in the shader
		vkTools::setImageLayout(
			offScreenCmdBuffer,
			dest,
			VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);

		// Image memory barrier
		// Transform the framebuffer color attachment back
		vkTools::setImageLayout(
			offScreenCmdBuffer,
			source,
			VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL);
	}

	// Build command buffer for rendering the scene to the offscreen frame buffer 
	// and blitting it to the different texture targets
	void buildDeferredCommandBuffer()
	{
		VkResult err;

		// Create separate command buffer for offscreen 
		// rendering
		if (offScreenCmdBuffer == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
		{
			VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cmd = vkTools::initializers::commandBufferAllocateInfo(
				cmdPool,
				VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
				1);
			VkResult vkRes = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &cmd, &offScreenCmdBuffer);
			assert(!vkRes);
		}

		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vkTools::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		// Clear values for all attachments written in the fragment sahder
		std::array<VkClearValue,4> clearValues;
		clearValues[0].color = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f } };
		clearValues[1].color = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f } };
		clearValues[2].color = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f } };
		clearValues[3].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vkTools::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass =  offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass;
		renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = offScreenFrameBuf.frameBuffer;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = offScreenFrameBuf.width;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = offScreenFrameBuf.height;
		renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = clearValues.size();
		renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();

		err = vkBeginCommandBuffer(offScreenCmdBuffer, &cmdBufInfo);
		assert(!err);

		vkCmdBeginRenderPass(offScreenCmdBuffer, &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

		VkViewport viewport = vkTools::initializers::viewport(
			(float)offScreenFrameBuf.width,
			(float)offScreenFrameBuf.height,
			0.0f,
			1.0f);
		vkCmdSetViewport(offScreenCmdBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);

		VkRect2D scissor = vkTools::initializers::rect2D(
			offScreenFrameBuf.width,
			offScreenFrameBuf.height,
			0,
			0);
		vkCmdSetScissor(offScreenCmdBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

		vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(offScreenCmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayouts.offscreen, 0, 1, &descriptorSets.offscreen, 0, NULL);
		vkCmdBindPipeline(offScreenCmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines.offscreen);

		VkDeviceSize offsets[1] = { 0 };
		vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(offScreenCmdBuffer, VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID, 1, &meshes.example.vertices.buf, offsets);
		vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(offScreenCmdBuffer, meshes.example.indices.buf, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
		vkCmdDrawIndexed(offScreenCmdBuffer, meshes.example.indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);

		vkCmdEndRenderPass(offScreenCmdBuffer);

		blit(offScreenFrameBuf.position.image, textureTargets.position.image);
		blit(offScreenFrameBuf.normal.image, textureTargets.normal.image);
		blit(offScreenFrameBuf.albedo.image, textureTargets.albedo.image);

		err = vkEndCommandBuffer(offScreenCmdBuffer);
		assert(!err);
	}

	void loadTextures()
	{
		textureLoader->loadTexture(
			getAssetPath() + "models/armor/colormap.ktx",
			VK_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_BLOCK,
			&textures.colorMap);
	}

	void reBuildCommandBuffers()
	{
		if (!checkCommandBuffers())
		{
			destroyCommandBuffers();
			createCommandBuffers();
		}
		buildCommandBuffers();
	}

	void buildCommandBuffers()
	{
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vkTools::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		VkClearValue clearValues[2];
		clearValues[0].color = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.2f, 0.0f } };
		clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vkTools::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.x = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.y = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = width;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = height;
		renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 2;
		renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;

		VkResult err;

		for (int32_t i = 0; i < drawCmdBuffers.size(); ++i)
		{
			// Set target frame buffer
			renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = frameBuffers[i];

			err = vkBeginCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], &cmdBufInfo);
			assert(!err);

			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i], &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

			VkViewport viewport = vkTools::initializers::viewport(
				(float)width,
				(float)height,
				0.0f,
				1.0f);
			vkCmdSetViewport(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &viewport);

			VkRect2D scissor = vkTools::initializers::rect2D(
				width,
				height,
				0,
				0);
			vkCmdSetScissor(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &scissor);

			VkDeviceSize offsets[1] = { 0 };
			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayouts.deferred, 0, 1, &descriptorSet, 0, NULL);

			if (debugDisplay)
			{
				vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines.debug);
				vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(drawCmdBuffers[i], VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID, 1, &meshes.quad.vertices.buf, offsets);
				vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], meshes.quad.indices.buf, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
				vkCmdDrawIndexed(drawCmdBuffers[i], meshes.quad.indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 1);
				// Move viewport to display final composition in lower right corner
				viewport.x = viewport.width * 0.5f;
				viewport.y = viewport.height * 0.5f;
				vkCmdSetViewport(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &viewport);
			}

			// Final composition as full screen quad
			vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines.deferred);
			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(drawCmdBuffers[i], VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID, 1, &meshes.quad.vertices.buf, offsets);
			vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], meshes.quad.indices.buf, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
			vkCmdDrawIndexed(drawCmdBuffers[i], 6, 1, 0, 0, 1);

			vkCmdEndRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

			err = vkEndCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i]);
			assert(!err);
		}
	}

	void draw()
	{
		VkResult err;

		// Get next image in the swap chain (back/front buffer)
		err = swapChain.acquireNextImage(semaphores.presentComplete, &currentBuffer);
		assert(!err);

		submitPostPresentBarrier(swapChain.buffers[currentBuffer].image);

		// Gather command buffers to be sumitted to the queue
		std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> submitCmdBuffers = {
			offScreenCmdBuffer,
			drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer],
		};
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = submitCmdBuffers.size();
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = submitCmdBuffers.data();

		// Submit to queue
		err = vkQueueSubmit(queue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
		assert(!err);

		submitPrePresentBarrier(swapChain.buffers[currentBuffer].image);

		err = swapChain.queuePresent(queue, currentBuffer, semaphores.renderComplete);
		assert(!err);

		err = vkQueueWaitIdle(queue);
		assert(!err);
	}

	void loadMeshes()
	{
		loadMesh(getAssetPath() + "models/armor/armor.dae", &meshes.example, vertexLayout, 1.0f);
	}

	void generateQuads()
	{
		// Setup vertices for multiple screen aligned quads
		// Used for displaying final result and debug 
		struct Vertex {
			float pos[3];
			float uv[2];
			float col[3];
			float normal[3];
		};

		std::vector<Vertex> vertexBuffer;

		float x = 0.0f;
		float y = 0.0f;
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 3; i++)
		{
			// Last component of normal is used for debug display sampler index
			vertexBuffer.push_back({ { x+1.0f, y+1.0f, 0.0f }, { 1.0f, 1.0f }, { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f, (float)i } });
			vertexBuffer.push_back({ { x,      y+1.0f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 1.0f }, { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f, (float)i } });
			vertexBuffer.push_back({ { x,      y,      0.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f }, { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f, (float)i } });
			vertexBuffer.push_back({ { x+1.0f, y,      0.0f }, { 1.0f, 0.0f }, { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f, (float)i } });
			x += 1.0f;
			if (x > 1.0f)
			{
				x = 0.0f;
				y += 1.0f;
			}
		}

		createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT,
			vertexBuffer.size() * sizeof(Vertex),
			vertexBuffer.data(),
			&meshes.quad.vertices.buf,
			&meshes.quad.vertices.mem);

		// Setup indices
		std::vector<uint32_t> indexBuffer = { 0,1,2, 2,3,0 };
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
		{
			uint32_t indices[6] = { 0,1,2, 2,3,0 };
			for (auto index : indices)
			{
				indexBuffer.push_back(i * 4 + index);
			}
		}
		meshes.quad.indexCount = indexBuffer.size();

		createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
			indexBuffer.size() * sizeof(uint32_t),
			indexBuffer.data(),
			&meshes.quad.indices.buf,
			&meshes.quad.indices.mem);
	}

	void setupVertexDescriptions()
	{
		// Binding description
		vertices.bindingDescriptions.resize(1);
		vertices.bindingDescriptions[0] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputBindingDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				vkMeshLoader::vertexSize(vertexLayout),
				VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX);

		// Attribute descriptions
		vertices.attributeDescriptions.resize(4);
		// Location 0 : Position
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[0] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				0,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
				0);
		// Location 1 : Texture coordinates
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[1] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				1,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT,
				sizeof(float) * 3);
		// Location 2 : Color
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[2] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				2,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
				sizeof(float) * 5);
		// Location 3 : Normal
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[3] =
			vkTools::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				3,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
				sizeof(float) * 8);

		vertices.inputState = vkTools::initializers::pipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo();
		vertices.inputState.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = vertices.bindingDescriptions.size();
		vertices.inputState.pVertexBindingDescriptions = vertices.bindingDescriptions.data();
		vertices.inputState.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = vertices.attributeDescriptions.size();
		vertices.inputState.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = vertices.attributeDescriptions.data();
	}

	void setupDescriptorPool()
	{
		std::vector<VkDescriptorPoolSize> poolSizes =
		{
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 8),
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 8)
		};

		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolInfo =
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorPoolCreateInfo(
				poolSizes.size(),
				poolSizes.data(),
				2);

		VkResult vkRes = vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &descriptorPoolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool);
		assert(!vkRes);
	}

	void setupDescriptorSetLayout()
	{
		// Deferred shading layout
		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding> setLayoutBindings =
		{
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
				0),
			// Binding 1 : Position texture target / Scene colormap
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
				1),
			// Binding 2 : Normals texture target
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
				2),
			// Binding 3 : Albedo texture target
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
				3),
			// Binding 4 : Fragment shader uniform buffer
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
				4),
		};

		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorLayout =
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo(
				setLayoutBindings.data(),
				setLayoutBindings.size());

		VkResult err = vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &descriptorLayout, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout);
		assert(!err);

		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineLayoutCreateInfo(
				&descriptorSetLayout,
				1);

		err = vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayouts.deferred);
		assert(!err);

		// Offscreen (scene) rendering pipeline layout
		err = vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayouts.offscreen);
		assert(!err);
	}

	void setupDescriptorSet()
	{
		// Textured quad descriptor set
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo =
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorSetAllocateInfo(
				descriptorPool,
				&descriptorSetLayout,
				1);

		VkResult vkRes = vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSet);
		assert(!vkRes);

		// Image descriptor for the offscreen texture targets
		VkDescriptorImageInfo texDescriptorPosition =
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(
				textureTargets.position.sampler,
				textureTargets.position.view,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL);

		VkDescriptorImageInfo texDescriptorNormal =
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(
				textureTargets.normal.sampler,
				textureTargets.normal.view,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL);

		VkDescriptorImageInfo texDescriptorAlbedo =
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(
				textureTargets.albedo.sampler,
				textureTargets.albedo.view,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL);

		std::vector<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writeDescriptorSets =
		{
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vkTools::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
			descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				0,
				&uniformData.vsFullScreen.descriptor),
			// Binding 1 : Position texture target
			vkTools::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				1,
				&texDescriptorPosition),
			// Binding 2 : Normals texture target
			vkTools::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				2,
				&texDescriptorNormal),
			// Binding 3 : Albedo texture target
			vkTools::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				3,
				&texDescriptorAlbedo),
			// Binding 4 : Fragment shader uniform buffer
			vkTools::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				4,
				&uniformData.fsLights.descriptor),
		};

		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, writeDescriptorSets.size(), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, NULL);

		// Offscreen (scene)
		vkRes = vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets.offscreen);
		assert(!vkRes);

		VkDescriptorImageInfo texDescriptorSceneColormap =
			vkTools::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(
				textures.colorMap.sampler,
				textures.colorMap.view,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL);

		std::vector<VkWriteDescriptorSet> offScreenWriteDescriptorSets =
		{
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vkTools::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSets.offscreen,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				0,
				&uniformData.vsOffscreen.descriptor),
			// Binding 1 : Scene color map
			vkTools::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSets.offscreen,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				1,
				&texDescriptorSceneColormap)
		};
		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, offScreenWriteDescriptorSets.size(), offScreenWriteDescriptorSets.data(), 0, NULL);
	}

	void preparePipelines()
	{
		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo(
				VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST,
				0,
				VK_FALSE);

		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo(
				VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL,
				VK_CULL_MODE_NONE,
				VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE,
				0);

		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blendAttachmentState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(
				0xf,
				VK_FALSE);

		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo(
				1,
				&blendAttachmentState);

		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo(
				VK_TRUE, 
				VK_TRUE,
				VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);

		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineViewportStateCreateInfo(1, 1, 0);

		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo(
				VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
				0);

		std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStateEnables = {
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
		};
		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo(
				dynamicStateEnables.data(),
				dynamicStateEnables.size(),
				0);

		// Final fullscreen pass pipeline
		std::array<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, 2> shaderStages;

		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/deferred/deferred.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/deferred/deferred.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCreateInfo =
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineCreateInfo(
				pipelineLayouts.deferred,
				renderPass,
				0);

		pipelineCreateInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertices.inputState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampleState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.stageCount = shaderStages.size();
		pipelineCreateInfo.pStages = shaderStages.data();

		VkResult err = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelines.deferred);
		assert(!err);

		// Debug display pipeline
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/deferred/debug.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/deferred/debug.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
		err = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelines.debug);
		assert(!err);
		
		// Offscreen pipeline
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/deferred/mrt.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getAssetPath() + "shaders/deferred/mrt.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);

		// Separate render pass
		pipelineCreateInfo.renderPass = offScreenFrameBuf.renderPass;

		// Separate layout
		pipelineCreateInfo.layout = pipelineLayouts.offscreen;

		// Blend attachment states required for all color attachments
		// This is important, as color write mask will otherwise be 0x0 and you
		// won't see anything rendered to the attachment
		std::array<VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState, 3> blendAttachmentStates = {
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE),
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE),
			vkTools::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE)
		};

		colorBlendState.attachmentCount = blendAttachmentStates.size();
		colorBlendState.pAttachments = blendAttachmentStates.data();

		err = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelines.offscreen);
		assert(!err);

	}

	// Prepare and initialize uniform buffer containing shader uniforms
	void prepareUniformBuffers()
	{
		// Fullscreen vertex shader
		createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
			sizeof(uboVS),
			&uboVS,
			&uniformData.vsFullScreen.buffer,
			&uniformData.vsFullScreen.memory,
			&uniformData.vsFullScreen.descriptor);

		// Deferred vertex shader
		createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
			sizeof(uboOffscreenVS),
			&uboOffscreenVS,
			&uniformData.vsOffscreen.buffer,
			&uniformData.vsOffscreen.memory,
			&uniformData.vsOffscreen.descriptor);

		// Deferred fragment shader
		createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
			sizeof(uboFragmentLights),
			&uboFragmentLights,
			&uniformData.fsLights.buffer,
			&uniformData.fsLights.memory,
			&uniformData.fsLights.descriptor);

		// Update
		updateUniformBuffersScreen();
		updateUniformBufferDeferredMatrices();
		updateUniformBufferDeferredLights();
	}

	void updateUniformBuffersScreen()
	{
		if (debugDisplay)
		{
			uboVS.projection = glm::ortho(0.0f, 2.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
		} 
		else
		{
			uboVS.projection = glm::ortho(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
		}
		uboVS.model = glm::mat4();

		uint8_t *pData;
		VkResult err = vkMapMemory(device, uniformData.vsFullScreen.memory, 0, sizeof(uboVS), 0, (void **)&pData);
		assert(!err);
		memcpy(pData, &uboVS, sizeof(uboVS));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformData.vsFullScreen.memory);
	}

	void updateUniformBufferDeferredMatrices()
	{
		uboOffscreenVS.projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), (float)width / (float)height, 0.1f, 256.0f);
		uboOffscreenVS.view = glm::translate(glm::mat4(), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, zoom));
		uboOffscreenVS.view = glm::rotate(uboOffscreenVS.view, glm::radians(rotation.x), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
		uboOffscreenVS.view = glm::rotate(uboOffscreenVS.view, glm::radians(rotation.y), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
		uboOffscreenVS.view = glm::rotate(uboOffscreenVS.view, glm::radians(rotation.z), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));

		uboOffscreenVS.model = glm::mat4();
		uboOffscreenVS.model = glm::translate(glm::mat4(), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.25f, 0.0f));

		uint8_t *pData;
		VkResult err = vkMapMemory(device, uniformData.vsOffscreen.memory, 0, sizeof(uboOffscreenVS), 0, (void **)&pData);
		assert(!err);
		memcpy(pData, &uboOffscreenVS, sizeof(uboOffscreenVS));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformData.vsOffscreen.memory);
	}

	// Update fragment shader light position uniform block
	void updateUniformBufferDeferredLights()
	{
		// White light from above
		uboFragmentLights.lights[0].position = glm::vec4(0.0f, 3.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
		uboFragmentLights.lights[0].color = glm::vec4(1.5f);
		uboFragmentLights.lights[0].radius = 15.0f;
		uboFragmentLights.lights[0].linearFalloff = 0.3f;
		uboFragmentLights.lights[0].quadraticFalloff = 0.4f;
		// Red light
		uboFragmentLights.lights[1].position = glm::vec4(-2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
		uboFragmentLights.lights[1].color = glm::vec4(1.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
		uboFragmentLights.lights[1].radius = 15.0f;
		uboFragmentLights.lights[1].linearFalloff = 0.4f;
		uboFragmentLights.lights[1].quadraticFalloff = 0.3f;
		// Blue light
		uboFragmentLights.lights[2].position = glm::vec4(2.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
		uboFragmentLights.lights[2].color = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 2.5f, 0.0f);
		uboFragmentLights.lights[2].radius = 10.0f;
		uboFragmentLights.lights[2].linearFalloff = 0.45f;
		uboFragmentLights.lights[2].quadraticFalloff = 0.35f;
		// Belt glow
		uboFragmentLights.lights[3].position = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.7f, 0.5f, 0.0f);
		uboFragmentLights.lights[3].color = glm::vec4(2.5f, 2.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
		uboFragmentLights.lights[3].radius = 5.0f;
		uboFragmentLights.lights[3].linearFalloff = 8.0f;
		uboFragmentLights.lights[3].quadraticFalloff = 6.0f;
		// Green light
		uboFragmentLights.lights[4].position = glm::vec4(3.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
		uboFragmentLights.lights[4].color = glm::vec4(0.0f, 1.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
		uboFragmentLights.lights[4].radius = 10.0f;
		uboFragmentLights.lights[4].linearFalloff = 0.8f;
		uboFragmentLights.lights[4].quadraticFalloff = 0.6f;

		// Current view position
		uboFragmentLights.viewPos = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, -zoom, 0.0f);

		uint8_t *pData;
		VkResult err = vkMapMemory(device, uniformData.fsLights.memory, 0, sizeof(uboFragmentLights), 0, (void **)&pData);
		assert(!err);
		memcpy(pData, &uboFragmentLights, sizeof(uboFragmentLights));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformData.fsLights.memory);
	}


	void prepare()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepare();
		loadTextures();
		generateQuads();
		loadMeshes();
		setupVertexDescriptions();
		prepareOffscreenFramebuffer();
		prepareUniformBuffers();
		prepareTextureTargets();
		setupDescriptorSetLayout();
		preparePipelines();
		setupDescriptorPool();
		setupDescriptorSet();
		buildCommandBuffers();
		buildDeferredCommandBuffer(); 
		prepared = true;
	}

	virtual void render()
	{
		if (!prepared)
			return;
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
		draw();
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
	}

	virtual void viewChanged()
	{
		updateUniformBufferDeferredMatrices();
	}

	void toggleDebugDisplay()
	{
		debugDisplay = !debugDisplay;
		reBuildCommandBuffers();
		updateUniformBuffersScreen();
	}
};

VulkanExample *vulkanExample;

#if defined(_WIN32)
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
	if (vulkanExample != NULL)
	{
		vulkanExample->handleMessages(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
		if (uMsg == WM_KEYDOWN)
		{
			switch (wParam)
			{
			case 0x44:
				vulkanExample->toggleDebugDisplay();
				break;
			}
		}
	}
	return (DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam));
}
#elif defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
static void handleEvent(const xcb_generic_event_t *event)
{
	if (vulkanExample != NULL)
	{
		vulkanExample->handleEvent(event);
	}
}
#endif

// Main entry point
#if defined(_WIN32)
// Windows entry point
int APIENTRY WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR pCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
#elif defined(__ANDROID__)
// Android entry point
void android_main(android_app* state)
#elif defined(__linux__)
// Linux entry point
int main(const int argc, const char *argv[])
#endif
{
#if defined(__ANDROID__)
	// Removing this may cause the compiler to omit the main entry point 
	// which would make the application crash at start
	app_dummy();
#endif
	vulkanExample = new VulkanExample();
#if defined(_WIN32)
	vulkanExample->setupWindow(hInstance, WndProc);
#elif defined(__ANDROID__)
	// Attach vulkan example to global android application state
	state->userData = vulkanExample;
	state->onAppCmd = VulkanExample::handleAppCommand;
	state->onInputEvent = VulkanExample::handleAppInput;
	vulkanExample->androidApp = state;
#elif defined(__linux__)
	vulkanExample->setupWindow();
#endif
#if !defined(__ANDROID__)
	vulkanExample->initSwapchain();
	vulkanExample->prepare();
#endif
	vulkanExample->renderLoop();
	delete(vulkanExample);
#if !defined(__ANDROID__)
	return 0;
#endif
}