procedural-3d-engine/examples/deferredmultisampling/deferredmultisampling.cpp

/*
* Vulkan Example - Multi sampling with explicit resolve for deferred shading example
*
* This sample adds hardware accelerated multi sampling to the deferred rendering sample
* 
* Copyright (C) 2023 by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license (MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

#include "vulkanexamplebase.h"
#include "VulkanFrameBuffer.hpp"
#include "VulkanglTFModel.h"

class VulkanExample : public VulkanExampleBase
{
public:
	int32_t debugDisplayTarget = 0;
	bool useMSAA = true;
	bool useSampleShading = true;
	VkSampleCountFlagBits sampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

	struct {
		struct {
			vks::Texture2D colorMap;
			vks::Texture2D normalMap;
		} model;
		struct {
			vks::Texture2D colorMap;
			vks::Texture2D normalMap;
		} background;
	} textures;

	struct {
		vkglTF::Model model;
		vkglTF::Model background;
	} models;

	struct UniformDataOffscreen {
		glm::mat4 projection;
		glm::mat4 model;
		glm::mat4 view;
		glm::vec4 instancePos[3];
	} uniformDataOffscreen;

	struct Light {
		glm::vec4 position;
		glm::vec3 color;
		float radius;
	};

	struct UniformDataComposition {
		Light lights[6];
		glm::vec4 viewPos;
		int32_t debugDisplayTarget = 0;
	} uniformDataComposition;

	struct {
		vks::Buffer offscreen;
		vks::Buffer composition;
	} uniformBuffers;

	struct {
		VkPipeline deferred{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };					// Deferred lighting calculation
		VkPipeline deferredNoMSAA{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };			// Deferred lighting calculation with explicit MSAA resolve
		VkPipeline offscreen{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };					// (Offscreen) scene rendering (fill G-Buffers)
		VkPipeline offscreenSampleShading{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };	// (Offscreen) scene rendering (fill G-Buffers) with sample shading rate enabled
	} pipelines;
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };

	struct {
		VkDescriptorSet model{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
		VkDescriptorSet background{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
		VkDescriptorSet composition{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };
	} descriptorSets;

	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };

	vks::Framebuffer* offscreenframeBuffers{};

	VkCommandBuffer offScreenCmdBuffer{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };

	// Semaphore used to synchronize between offscreen and final scene rendering
	VkSemaphore offscreenSemaphore{ VK_NULL_HANDLE };

	VulkanExample() : VulkanExampleBase()
	{
		title = "Multi sampled deferred shading";
		camera.type = Camera::CameraType::firstperson;
		camera.movementSpeed = 5.0f;
#ifndef __ANDROID__
		camera.rotationSpeed = 0.25f;
#endif
		camera.position = { 2.15f, 0.3f, -8.75f };
		camera.setRotation(glm::vec3(-0.75f, 12.5f, 0.0f));
		camera.setPerspective(60.0f, (float)width / (float)height, 0.1f, 256.0f);
	}

	~VulkanExample()
	{
		if (device) {
			// Frame buffers
			if (offscreenframeBuffers) {
				delete offscreenframeBuffers;
			}

			vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.deferred, nullptr);
			vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.deferredNoMSAA, nullptr);
			vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.offscreen, nullptr);
			vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.offscreenSampleShading, nullptr);

			vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);

			vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

			// Uniform buffers
			uniformBuffers.offscreen.destroy();
			uniformBuffers.composition.destroy();

			textures.model.colorMap.destroy();
			textures.model.normalMap.destroy();
			textures.background.colorMap.destroy();
			textures.background.normalMap.destroy();

			vkDestroySemaphore(device, offscreenSemaphore, nullptr);
		}
	}

	// Enable physical device features required for this example
	virtual void getEnabledFeatures()
	{
		// Enable sample rate shading filtering if supported
		if (deviceFeatures.sampleRateShading) {
			enabledFeatures.sampleRateShading = VK_TRUE;
		}
		// Enable anisotropic filtering if supported
		if (deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy) {
			enabledFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;
		}
	};

	// Prepare the framebuffer for offscreen rendering with multiple attachments used as render targets inside the fragment shaders
	void deferredSetup()
	{
		offscreenframeBuffers = new vks::Framebuffer(vulkanDevice);

#if defined(__ANDROID__)
		// Use max. screen dimension as deferred framebuffer size
		offscreenframeBuffers->width = std::max(width, height);
		offscreenframeBuffers->height = std::max(width, height);
#else
		offscreenframeBuffers->width = 2048;
		offscreenframeBuffers->height = 2048;
#endif

		// Four attachments (3 color, 1 depth)
		vks::AttachmentCreateInfo attachmentInfo = {};
		attachmentInfo.width = offscreenframeBuffers->width;
		attachmentInfo.height = offscreenframeBuffers->height;
		attachmentInfo.layerCount = 1;
		attachmentInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
		attachmentInfo.imageSampleCount = sampleCount;

		// Color attachments
		// Attachment 0: (World space) Positions
		attachmentInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
		offscreenframeBuffers->addAttachment(attachmentInfo);

		// Attachment 1: (World space) Normals
		attachmentInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
		offscreenframeBuffers->addAttachment(attachmentInfo);

		// Attachment 2: Albedo (color)
		attachmentInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
		offscreenframeBuffers->addAttachment(attachmentInfo);

		// Depth attachment
		// Find a suitable depth format
		VkFormat attDepthFormat;
		VkBool32 validDepthFormat = vks::tools::getSupportedDepthFormat(physicalDevice, &attDepthFormat);
		assert(validDepthFormat);

		attachmentInfo.format = attDepthFormat;
		attachmentInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
		offscreenframeBuffers->addAttachment(attachmentInfo);

		// Create sampler to sample from the color attachments
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(offscreenframeBuffers->createSampler(VK_FILTER_NEAREST, VK_FILTER_NEAREST, VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE));

		// Create default renderpass for the framebuffer
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(offscreenframeBuffers->createRenderPass());
	}

	// Build command buffer for rendering the scene to the offscreen frame buffer attachments
	void buildDeferredCommandBuffer()
	{
		if (offScreenCmdBuffer == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			offScreenCmdBuffer = vulkanDevice->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, false);
		}

		// Create a semaphore used to synchronize offscreen rendering and usage
		if (offscreenSemaphore == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreCreateInfo = vks::initializers::semaphoreCreateInfo();
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &offscreenSemaphore));
		}

		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vks::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		// Clear values for all attachments written in the fragment shader
		std::array<VkClearValue,4> clearValues;
		clearValues[0].color = clearValues[1].color = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f } };
		clearValues[2].color = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f } };
		clearValues[3].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = offscreenframeBuffers->renderPass;
		renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = offscreenframeBuffers->framebuffer;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = offscreenframeBuffers->width;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = offscreenframeBuffers->height;
		renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size());
		renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBeginCommandBuffer(offScreenCmdBuffer, &cmdBufInfo));

		vkCmdBeginRenderPass(offScreenCmdBuffer, &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

		VkViewport viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)offscreenframeBuffers->width, (float)offscreenframeBuffers->height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
		vkCmdSetViewport(offScreenCmdBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);

		VkRect2D scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(offscreenframeBuffers->width, offscreenframeBuffers->height, 0, 0);
		vkCmdSetScissor(offScreenCmdBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

		vkCmdBindPipeline(offScreenCmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, useSampleShading ? pipelines.offscreenSampleShading : pipelines.offscreen);

		// Background
		vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(offScreenCmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets.background, 0, nullptr);
		models.background.draw(offScreenCmdBuffer);

		// Object
		vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(offScreenCmdBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets.model, 0, nullptr);
		models.model.bindBuffers(offScreenCmdBuffer);
		vkCmdDrawIndexed(offScreenCmdBuffer, models.model.indices.count, 3, 0, 0, 0);

		vkCmdEndRenderPass(offScreenCmdBuffer);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkEndCommandBuffer(offScreenCmdBuffer));
	}

	void buildCommandBuffers()
	{
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vks::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		VkClearValue clearValues[2];
		clearValues[0].color = { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.2f, 0.0f } };
		clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.x = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.y = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = width;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = height;
		renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 2;
		renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;

		for (int32_t i = 0; i < drawCmdBuffers.size(); ++i)
		{
			// Set target frame buffer
			renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = VulkanExampleBase::frameBuffers[i];

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBeginCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], &cmdBufInfo));

			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i], &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

			VkViewport viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)width, (float)height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
			vkCmdSetViewport(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &viewport);

			VkRect2D scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(width, height, 0, 0);
			vkCmdSetScissor(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &scissor);

			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets.composition, 0, nullptr);

			// Final composition as full screen quad
			// Note: Also used for debug display if debugDisplayTarget > 0
			vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, useMSAA ? pipelines.deferred : pipelines.deferredNoMSAA);
			vkCmdDraw(drawCmdBuffers[i], 3, 1, 0, 0);

			drawUI(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

			vkCmdEndRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkEndCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i]));
		}
	}

	void loadAssets()
	{
		const uint32_t glTFLoadingFlags = vkglTF::FileLoadingFlags::PreTransformVertices | vkglTF::FileLoadingFlags::PreMultiplyVertexColors | vkglTF::FileLoadingFlags::FlipY;
		models.model.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/armor/armor.gltf", vulkanDevice, queue, glTFLoadingFlags);
		models.background.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/deferred_box.gltf", vulkanDevice, queue, glTFLoadingFlags);
		textures.model.colorMap.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/armor/colormap_rgba.ktx", VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, vulkanDevice, queue);
		textures.model.normalMap.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/armor/normalmap_rgba.ktx", VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, vulkanDevice, queue);
		textures.background.colorMap.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "textures/stonefloor02_color_rgba.ktx", VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, vulkanDevice, queue);
		textures.background.normalMap.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "textures/stonefloor02_normal_rgba.ktx", VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, vulkanDevice, queue);
	}

	void setupDescriptors()
	{
		// Pool
		std::vector<VkDescriptorPoolSize> poolSizes = {
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 8),
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 9)
		};
		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolInfo = vks::initializers::descriptorPoolCreateInfo(poolSizes, 3);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &descriptorPoolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool));

		// Layout
		// Deferred shading layout
		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding> setLayoutBindings = {
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0),
			// Binding 1 : Position texture target / Scene colormap
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 1),
			// Binding 2 : Normals texture target
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 2),
			// Binding 3 : Albedo texture target
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 3),
			// Binding 4 : Fragment shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, 4),
		};
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorLayout = vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo(setLayoutBindings);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &descriptorLayout, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout));

		// Sets
		std::vector<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writeDescriptorSets;
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo = vks::initializers::descriptorSetAllocateInfo(descriptorPool, &descriptorSetLayout, 1);

		// Image descriptors for the offscreen color attachments
		VkDescriptorImageInfo texDescriptorPosition =
			vks::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(
				offscreenframeBuffers->sampler,
				offscreenframeBuffers->attachments[0].view,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);

		VkDescriptorImageInfo texDescriptorNormal =
			vks::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(
				offscreenframeBuffers->sampler,
				offscreenframeBuffers->attachments[1].view,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);

		VkDescriptorImageInfo texDescriptorAlbedo =
			vks::initializers::descriptorImageInfo(
				offscreenframeBuffers->sampler,
				offscreenframeBuffers->attachments[2].view,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);

		// Deferred composition
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets.composition));
		writeDescriptorSets = {
			// Binding 1: World space position texture
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.composition, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1, &texDescriptorPosition),
			// Binding 2: World space normals texture
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.composition, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 2, &texDescriptorNormal),
			// Binding 3: Albedo texture
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.composition, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 3, &texDescriptorAlbedo),
			// Binding 4: Fragment shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.composition, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 4, &uniformBuffers.composition.descriptor),
		};
		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(writeDescriptorSets.size()), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, nullptr);

		// Offscreen (scene)

		// Model
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets.model));
		writeDescriptorSets = {
			// Binding 0: Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.model, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, &uniformBuffers.offscreen.descriptor),
			// Binding 1: Color map
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.model, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1, &textures.model.colorMap.descriptor),
			// Binding 2: Normal map
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.model, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 2, &textures.model.normalMap.descriptor)
		};
		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(writeDescriptorSets.size()), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, nullptr);

		// Background
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSets.background));
		writeDescriptorSets = {
			// Binding 0: Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.background, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, &uniformBuffers.offscreen.descriptor),
			// Binding 1: Color map
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.background, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1, &textures.background.colorMap.descriptor),
			// Binding 2: Normal map
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(descriptorSets.background, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 2, &textures.background.normalMap.descriptor)
		};
		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(writeDescriptorSets.size()), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, nullptr);
	}

	void preparePipelines()
	{
		// Layout
		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutCreateInfo = vks::initializers::pipelineLayoutCreateInfo(&descriptorSetLayout, 1);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));

		// Pipelines
		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyState = vks::initializers::pipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo(VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST, 0, VK_FALSE);
		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationState = vks::initializers::pipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo(VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL, VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT, VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE, 0);
		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blendAttachmentState = vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE);
		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendState = vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo(1, &blendAttachmentState);
		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilState = vks::initializers::pipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo(VK_TRUE, VK_TRUE, VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);
		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = vks::initializers::pipelineViewportStateCreateInfo(1, 1, 0);
		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleState = vks::initializers::pipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo(VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, 0);
		std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStateEnables = {VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT, VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR};
		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState = vks::initializers::pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo(dynamicStateEnables);
		std::array<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, 2> shaderStages;

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCI = vks::initializers::pipelineCreateInfo(pipelineLayout, renderPass);
		pipelineCI.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState;
		pipelineCI.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState;
		pipelineCI.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState;
		pipelineCI.pMultisampleState = &multisampleState;
		pipelineCI.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineCI.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState;
		pipelineCI.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
		pipelineCI.stageCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(shaderStages.size());
		pipelineCI.pStages = shaderStages.data();

		// Fullscreen composition pass

		// Empty vertex input state, vertices are generated by the vertex shader
		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo emptyInputState = vks::initializers::pipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo();
		pipelineCI.pVertexInputState = &emptyInputState;

		// Use specialization constants to pass number of samples to the shader (used for MSAA resolve)
		VkSpecializationMapEntry specializationEntry{};
		specializationEntry.constantID = 0;
		specializationEntry.offset = 0;
		specializationEntry.size = sizeof(uint32_t);

		uint32_t specializationData = sampleCount;

		VkSpecializationInfo specializationInfo;
		specializationInfo.mapEntryCount = 1;
		specializationInfo.pMapEntries = &specializationEntry;
		specializationInfo.dataSize = sizeof(specializationData);
		specializationInfo.pData = &specializationData;

		rasterizationState.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_FRONT_BIT;

		// With MSAA
		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "deferredmultisampling/deferred.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "deferredmultisampling/deferred.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
		shaderStages[1].pSpecializationInfo = &specializationInfo;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCI, nullptr, &pipelines.deferred));

		// No MSAA (1 sample)
		specializationData = 1;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCI, nullptr, &pipelines.deferredNoMSAA));

		// Vertex input state from glTF model for pipeline rendering models
		pipelineCI.pVertexInputState = vkglTF::Vertex::getPipelineVertexInputState({ vkglTF::VertexComponent::Position, vkglTF::VertexComponent::UV, vkglTF::VertexComponent::Color, vkglTF::VertexComponent::Normal, vkglTF::VertexComponent::Tangent });
		rasterizationState.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;

		// Offscreen scene rendering pipeline
		// Separate render pass
		pipelineCI.renderPass = offscreenframeBuffers->renderPass;

		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "deferredmultisampling/mrt.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "deferredmultisampling/mrt.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);

		//rasterizationState.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_LINE;
		//rasterizationState.lineWidth = 2.0f;
		multisampleState.rasterizationSamples = sampleCount;
		multisampleState.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_TRUE;

		// Blend attachment states required for all color attachments
		// This is important, as color write mask will otherwise be 0x0 and you
		// won't see anything rendered to the attachment
		std::array<VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState, 3> blendAttachmentStates = {
			vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE),
			vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE),
			vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE)
		};

		colorBlendState.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(blendAttachmentStates.size());
		colorBlendState.pAttachments = blendAttachmentStates.data();

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCI, nullptr, &pipelines.offscreen));

		multisampleState.sampleShadingEnable = VK_TRUE;
		multisampleState.minSampleShading = 0.25f;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCI, nullptr, &pipelines.offscreenSampleShading));
	}

	// Prepare and initialize uniform buffer containing shader uniforms
	void prepareUniformBuffers()
	{
		// Offscreen vertex shader
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, &uniformBuffers.offscreen, sizeof(UniformDataOffscreen)));
		// Deferred fragment shader
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, &uniformBuffers.composition, sizeof(UniformDataComposition)));;
		// Map persistent
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(uniformBuffers.offscreen.map());
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(uniformBuffers.composition.map());

		// Setup instanced model positions
		uniformDataOffscreen.instancePos[0] = glm::vec4(0.0f);
		uniformDataOffscreen.instancePos[1] = glm::vec4(-4.0f, 0.0, -4.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataOffscreen.instancePos[2] = glm::vec4(4.0f, 0.0, -4.0f, 0.0f);

		// Update
		updateUniformBufferDeferred();
	}

	void updateUniformBufferOffscreen()
	{
		uniformDataOffscreen.projection = camera.matrices.perspective;
		uniformDataOffscreen.view = camera.matrices.view;
		uniformDataOffscreen.model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		memcpy(uniformBuffers.offscreen.mapped, &uniformDataOffscreen, sizeof(UniformDataOffscreen));
	}

	// Update deferred composition fragment shader light position and parameters uniform block
	void updateUniformBufferDeferred()
	{
		// White
		uniformDataComposition.lights[0].position = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[0].color = glm::vec3(1.5f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[0].radius = 15.0f * 0.25f;
		// Red
		uniformDataComposition.lights[1].position = glm::vec4(-2.30f, 0.0f, 1.05f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[1].color = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[1].radius = 15.0f;
		// Blue
		uniformDataComposition.lights[2].position = glm::vec4(4.0f, -1.0f, 2.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[2].color = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 2.5f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[2].radius = 5.0f;
		// Yellow
		uniformDataComposition.lights[3].position = glm::vec4(0.0f, -0.9f, 0.5f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[3].color = glm::vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[3].radius = 2.0f;
		// Green
		uniformDataComposition.lights[4].position = glm::vec4(5.0f, -0.5f, -3.53f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[4].color = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.2f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[4].radius = 5.0f;
		// Yellow
		uniformDataComposition.lights[5].position = glm::vec4(7.07f, -1.0f, 7.07f, 0.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[5].color = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.7f, 0.3f);
		uniformDataComposition.lights[5].radius = 25.0f;

		// Current view position
		uniformDataComposition.viewPos = glm::vec4(camera.position, 0.0f) * glm::vec4(-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
		uniformDataComposition.debugDisplayTarget = debugDisplayTarget;

		memcpy(uniformBuffers.composition.mapped, &uniformDataComposition, sizeof(UniformDataComposition));
	}

	void prepare()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepare();
		sampleCount = getMaxUsableSampleCount();
		loadAssets();
		deferredSetup();
		prepareUniformBuffers();
		setupDescriptors();
		preparePipelines();
		buildCommandBuffers();
		buildDeferredCommandBuffer();
		prepared = true;
	}
	
	void draw()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepareFrame();

		// Offscreen rendering

		// Wait for swap chain presentation to finish
		submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = &semaphores.presentComplete;
		// Signal ready with offscreen semaphore
		submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = &offscreenSemaphore;

		// Submit work
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &offScreenCmdBuffer;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkQueueSubmit(queue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE));

		// Scene rendering

		// Wait for offscreen semaphore
		submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = &offscreenSemaphore;
		// Signal ready with render complete semaphore
		submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = &semaphores.renderComplete;

		// Submit work
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer];
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkQueueSubmit(queue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE));

		VulkanExampleBase::submitFrame();
	}

	virtual void render()
	{
		if (!prepared)
			return;
		updateUniformBufferOffscreen();
		draw();
	}

	virtual void OnUpdateUIOverlay(vks::UIOverlay *overlay)
	{
		if (overlay->header("Settings")) {
			if (overlay->comboBox("Display", &debugDisplayTarget, { "Final composition", "Position", "Normals", "Albedo", "Specular" })) {
				updateUniformBufferDeferred();
			}
			if (overlay->checkBox("MSAA", &useMSAA)) {
				buildCommandBuffers();
			}
			if (vulkanDevice->features.sampleRateShading) {
				if (overlay->checkBox("Sample rate shading", &useSampleShading)) {
					buildDeferredCommandBuffer();
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// Returns the maximum sample count usable by the platform
	VkSampleCountFlagBits getMaxUsableSampleCount()
	{
		VkSampleCountFlags counts = std::min(deviceProperties.limits.framebufferColorSampleCounts, deviceProperties.limits.framebufferDepthSampleCounts);
		// Note: Vulkan offers up to 64 bits, but we don't want to go higher than 8xMSAA in this sample)
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT; }
		return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
	}
};

VULKAN_EXAMPLE_MAIN()