procedural-3d-engine/examples/texturesparseresidency/texturesparseresidency.cpp

/*
* Vulkan Example - Sparse texture residency example
*
* Copyright (C) 2016-2020 by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license (MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

/*
* Note : This sample is work-in-progress and works basically, but it's not yet finished
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <random>
#include <chrono>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include "vulkanexamplebase.h"
#include "VulkanDevice.hpp"
#include "VulkanBuffer.hpp"
#include "VulkanModel.hpp"

#define ENABLE_VALIDATION false

// Virtual texture page as a part of the partially resident texture
// Contains memory bindings, offsets and status information
struct VirtualTexturePage
{
	VkOffset3D offset;
	VkExtent3D extent;
	VkSparseImageMemoryBind imageMemoryBind;							// Sparse image memory bind for this page
	VkDeviceSize size;													// Page (memory) size in bytes
	uint32_t mipLevel;													// Mip level that this page belongs to
	uint32_t layer;														// Array layer that this page belongs to
	uint32_t index;

	VirtualTexturePage()
	{
		imageMemoryBind.memory = VK_NULL_HANDLE;						// Page initially not backed up by memory
	}

	bool resident()
	{
		return (imageMemoryBind.memory != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
	}

	// Allocate Vulkan memory for the virtual page
	void allocate(VkDevice device, uint32_t memoryTypeIndex)
	{
		if (imageMemoryBind.memory != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
		{
			return;
		};

		imageMemoryBind = {};

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
		allocInfo.allocationSize = size;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &imageMemoryBind.memory));

		VkImageSubresource subResource{};
		subResource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		subResource.mipLevel = mipLevel;
		subResource.arrayLayer = layer;

		// Sparse image memory binding
		imageMemoryBind.subresource = subResource;
		imageMemoryBind.extent = extent;
		imageMemoryBind.offset = offset;
	}

	// Release Vulkan memory allocated for this page
	void release(VkDevice device)
	{
		if (imageMemoryBind.memory != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
		{
			vkFreeMemory(device, imageMemoryBind.memory, nullptr);
			imageMemoryBind.memory = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
		}
	}
};

// Virtual texture object containing all pages
struct VirtualTexture
{
	VkDevice device;
	VkImage image;														// Texture image handle
	VkBindSparseInfo bindSparseInfo;									// Sparse queue binding information
	std::vector<VirtualTexturePage> pages;								// Contains all virtual pages of the texture
	std::vector<VkSparseImageMemoryBind> sparseImageMemoryBinds;		// Sparse image memory bindings of all memory-backed virtual tables
	std::vector<VkSparseMemoryBind>	opaqueMemoryBinds;					// Sparse ópaque memory bindings for the mip tail (if present)
	VkSparseImageMemoryBindInfo imageMemoryBindInfo;					// Sparse image memory bind info
	VkSparseImageOpaqueMemoryBindInfo opaqueMemoryBindInfo;				// Sparse image opaque memory bind info (mip tail)
	uint32_t mipTailStart;												// First mip level in mip tail
	VkSparseImageMemoryRequirements sparseImageMemoryRequirements;		// @todo: Comment

	VirtualTexturePage* addPage(VkOffset3D offset, VkExtent3D extent, const VkDeviceSize size, const uint32_t mipLevel, uint32_t layer)
	{
		VirtualTexturePage newPage;
		newPage.offset = offset;
		newPage.extent = extent;
		newPage.size = size;
		newPage.mipLevel = mipLevel;
		newPage.layer = layer;
		newPage.index = static_cast<uint32_t>(pages.size());
		newPage.imageMemoryBind = {};
		newPage.imageMemoryBind.offset = offset;
		newPage.imageMemoryBind.extent = extent;
		pages.push_back(newPage);
		return &pages.back();
	}

	// Call before sparse binding to update memory bind list etc.
	void updateSparseBindInfo()
	{
		// Update list of memory-backed sparse image memory binds
		//sparseImageMemoryBinds.resize(pages.size());
		sparseImageMemoryBinds.clear();
		for (auto page : pages)
		{
			sparseImageMemoryBinds.push_back(page.imageMemoryBind);
		}
		// Update sparse bind info
		bindSparseInfo = vks::initializers::bindSparseInfo();
		// todo: Semaphore for queue submission
		// bindSparseInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
		// bindSparseInfo.pSignalSemaphores = &bindSparseSemaphore;

		// Image memory binds
		imageMemoryBindInfo = {};
		imageMemoryBindInfo.image = image;
		imageMemoryBindInfo.bindCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(sparseImageMemoryBinds.size());
		imageMemoryBindInfo.pBinds = sparseImageMemoryBinds.data();
		bindSparseInfo.imageBindCount = (imageMemoryBindInfo.bindCount > 0) ? 1 : 0;
		bindSparseInfo.pImageBinds = &imageMemoryBindInfo;

		// Opaque image memory binds for the mip tail
		opaqueMemoryBindInfo.image = image;
		opaqueMemoryBindInfo.bindCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(opaqueMemoryBinds.size());
		opaqueMemoryBindInfo.pBinds = opaqueMemoryBinds.data();
		bindSparseInfo.imageOpaqueBindCount = (opaqueMemoryBindInfo.bindCount > 0) ? 1 : 0;
		bindSparseInfo.pImageOpaqueBinds = &opaqueMemoryBindInfo;
	}

	// Release all Vulkan resources
	void destroy()
	{
		for (auto page : pages)
		{
			page.release(device);
		}
		for (auto bind : opaqueMemoryBinds)
		{
			vkFreeMemory(device, bind.memory, nullptr);
		}
	}
};

uint32_t memoryTypeIndex;

class VulkanExample : public VulkanExampleBase
{
public:
	//todo: comments
	struct SparseTexture : VirtualTexture {
		VkSampler sampler;
		VkImageLayout imageLayout;
		VkImageView view;
		VkDescriptorImageInfo descriptor;
		VkFormat format;
		uint32_t width, height;
		uint32_t mipLevels;
		uint32_t layerCount;
	} texture;

	vks::VertexLayout vertexLayout = vks::VertexLayout({
		vks::VERTEX_COMPONENT_POSITION,
		vks::VERTEX_COMPONENT_NORMAL,
		vks::VERTEX_COMPONENT_UV,
	});
	vks::Model plane;

	struct UboVS {
		glm::mat4 projection;
		glm::mat4 model;
		glm::vec4 viewPos;
		float lodBias = 0.0f;
	} uboVS;
	vks::Buffer uniformBufferVS;

	VkPipeline pipeline;
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
	VkDescriptorSet descriptorSet;
	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;

	//todo: comment
	VkSemaphore bindSparseSemaphore = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

	VulkanExample() : VulkanExampleBase(ENABLE_VALIDATION)
	{
		title = "Sparse texture residency";
		std::cout.imbue(std::locale(""));
		camera.type = Camera::CameraType::lookat;
		camera.setPosition(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -20.0f));
		camera.setRotation(glm::vec3(0.0f, 180.0f, 0.0f));
		camera.setPerspective(60.0f, (float)width / (float)height, 0.1f, 256.0f);
		settings.overlay = true;
	}

	~VulkanExample()
	{
		// Clean up used Vulkan resources
		// Note : Inherited destructor cleans up resources stored in base class
		destroyTextureImage(texture);
		vkDestroySemaphore(device, bindSparseSemaphore, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipeline, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);
		plane.destroy();
		uniformBufferVS.destroy();
	}

	virtual void getEnabledFeatures()
	{
		if (deviceFeatures.sparseBinding && deviceFeatures.sparseResidencyImage2D) {
			enabledFeatures.shaderResourceResidency = VK_TRUE;
			enabledFeatures.shaderResourceMinLod = VK_TRUE;
			enabledFeatures.sparseBinding = VK_TRUE;
			enabledFeatures.sparseResidencyImage2D = VK_TRUE;
		}
		else {
			std::cout << "Sparse binding not supported" << std::endl;
		}
	}

	glm::uvec3 alignedDivision(const VkExtent3D& extent, const VkExtent3D& granularity)
	{
		glm::uvec3 res;
		res.x = extent.width / granularity.width + ((extent.width % granularity.width) ? 1u : 0u);
		res.y = extent.height / granularity.height + ((extent.height % granularity.height) ? 1u : 0u);
		res.z = extent.depth / granularity.depth + ((extent.depth % granularity.depth) ? 1u : 0u);
		return res;
	}

	void prepareSparseTexture(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layerCount, VkFormat format)
	{
		texture.device = vulkanDevice->logicalDevice;
		texture.width = width;
		texture.height = height;
		texture.mipLevels = floor(log2(std::max(width, height))) + 1;
		texture.layerCount = layerCount;
		texture.format = format;

		// Get device properites for the requested texture format
		VkFormatProperties formatProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &formatProperties);

		const VkImageType imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
		const VkSampleCountFlagBits sampleCount = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		const VkImageUsageFlags imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
		const VkImageTiling imageTiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;

		// Get sparse image properties
		std::vector<VkSparseImageFormatProperties> sparseProperties;
		// Sparse properties count for the desired format
		uint32_t sparsePropertiesCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSparseImageFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, imageType, sampleCount, imageUsage, imageTiling, &sparsePropertiesCount, nullptr);
		// Check if sparse is supported for this format
		if (sparsePropertiesCount == 0)
		{
			std::cout << "Error: Requested format does not support sparse features!" << std::endl;
			return;
		}

		// Get actual image format properties
		sparseProperties.resize(sparsePropertiesCount);
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSparseImageFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, imageType, sampleCount, imageUsage, imageTiling, &sparsePropertiesCount, sparseProperties.data());

		std::cout << "Sparse image format properties: " << sparsePropertiesCount << std::endl;
		for (auto props : sparseProperties)
		{
			std::cout << "\t Image granularity: w = " << props.imageGranularity.width << " h = " << props.imageGranularity.height << " d = " << props.imageGranularity.depth << std::endl;
			std::cout << "\t Aspect mask: " << props.aspectMask << std::endl;
			std::cout << "\t Flags: " << props.flags << std::endl;
		}

		// Create sparse image
		VkImageCreateInfo sparseImageCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
		sparseImageCreateInfo.imageType = imageType;
		sparseImageCreateInfo.format = texture.format;
		sparseImageCreateInfo.mipLevels = texture.mipLevels;
		sparseImageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = texture.layerCount;
		sparseImageCreateInfo.samples = sampleCount;
		sparseImageCreateInfo.tiling = imageTiling;
		sparseImageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
		sparseImageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		sparseImageCreateInfo.extent = { texture.width, texture.height, 1 };
		sparseImageCreateInfo.usage = imageUsage;
		sparseImageCreateInfo.flags = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_SPARSE_BINDING_BIT | VK_IMAGE_CREATE_SPARSE_RESIDENCY_BIT;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device, &sparseImageCreateInfo, nullptr, &texture.image));

		VkCommandBuffer copyCmd = vulkanDevice->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);
		vks::tools::setImageLayout(copyCmd, texture.image, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);
		vulkanDevice->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, queue);

		// Get memory requirements
		VkMemoryRequirements sparseImageMemoryReqs;
		// Sparse image memory requirement counts
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, texture.image, &sparseImageMemoryReqs);

		std::cout << "Image memory requirements:" << std::endl;
		std::cout << "\t Size: " << sparseImageMemoryReqs.size << std::endl;
		std::cout << "\t Alignment: " << sparseImageMemoryReqs.alignment << std::endl;

		// Check requested image size against hardware sparse limit
		if (sparseImageMemoryReqs.size > vulkanDevice->properties.limits.sparseAddressSpaceSize)
		{
			std::cout << "Error: Requested sparse image size exceeds supportes sparse address space size!" << std::endl;
			return;
		};

		// Get sparse memory requirements
		// Count
		uint32_t sparseMemoryReqsCount = 32;
		std::vector<VkSparseImageMemoryRequirements> sparseMemoryReqs(sparseMemoryReqsCount);
		vkGetImageSparseMemoryRequirements(device, texture.image, &sparseMemoryReqsCount, sparseMemoryReqs.data());
		if (sparseMemoryReqsCount == 0)
		{
			std::cout << "Error: No memory requirements for the sparse image!" << std::endl;
			return;
		}
		sparseMemoryReqs.resize(sparseMemoryReqsCount);
		// Get actual requirements
		vkGetImageSparseMemoryRequirements(device, texture.image, &sparseMemoryReqsCount, sparseMemoryReqs.data());

		std::cout << "Sparse image memory requirements: " << sparseMemoryReqsCount << std::endl;
		for (auto reqs : sparseMemoryReqs)
		{
			std::cout << "\t Image granularity: w = " << reqs.formatProperties.imageGranularity.width << " h = " << reqs.formatProperties.imageGranularity.height << " d = " << reqs.formatProperties.imageGranularity.depth << std::endl;
			std::cout << "\t Mip tail first LOD: " << reqs.imageMipTailFirstLod << std::endl;
			std::cout << "\t Mip tail size: " << reqs.imageMipTailSize << std::endl;
			std::cout << "\t Mip tail offset: " << reqs.imageMipTailOffset << std::endl;
			std::cout << "\t Mip tail stride: " << reqs.imageMipTailStride << std::endl;
			//todo:multiple reqs
			texture.mipTailStart = reqs.imageMipTailFirstLod;
		}

		// Get sparse image requirements for the color aspect
		VkSparseImageMemoryRequirements sparseMemoryReq;
		bool colorAspectFound = false;
		for (auto reqs : sparseMemoryReqs)
		{
			if (reqs.formatProperties.aspectMask & VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT)
			{
				sparseMemoryReq = reqs;
				colorAspectFound = true;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (!colorAspectFound)
		{
			std::cout << "Error: Could not find sparse image memory requirements for color aspect bit!" << std::endl;
			return;
		}

		// todo:
		// Calculate number of required sparse memory bindings by alignment
		assert((sparseImageMemoryReqs.size % sparseImageMemoryReqs.alignment) == 0);
		memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(sparseImageMemoryReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);

		// Get sparse bindings
		uint32_t sparseBindsCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(sparseImageMemoryReqs.size / sparseImageMemoryReqs.alignment);
		std::vector<VkSparseMemoryBind>	sparseMemoryBinds(sparseBindsCount);

		texture.sparseImageMemoryRequirements = sparseMemoryReq;

		// Check if the format has a single mip tail for all layers or one mip tail for each layer
		// The mip tail contains all mip levels > sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailFirstLod
		bool singleMipTail = sparseMemoryReq.formatProperties.flags & VK_SPARSE_IMAGE_FORMAT_SINGLE_MIPTAIL_BIT;
		// @todo: Comment
		bool alingedMipSize = sparseMemoryReq.formatProperties.flags & VK_SPARSE_IMAGE_FORMAT_ALIGNED_MIP_SIZE_BIT;

		// Sparse bindings for each mip level of all layers outside of the mip tail
		for (uint32_t layer = 0; layer < texture.layerCount; layer++)
		{
			// sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailFirstLod is the first mip level that's stored inside the mip tail
			for (uint32_t mipLevel = 0; mipLevel < sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailFirstLod; mipLevel++)
			{
				VkExtent3D extent;
				extent.width = std::max(sparseImageCreateInfo.extent.width >> mipLevel, 1u);
				extent.height = std::max(sparseImageCreateInfo.extent.height >> mipLevel, 1u);
				extent.depth = std::max(sparseImageCreateInfo.extent.depth >> mipLevel, 1u);

				VkImageSubresource subResource{};
				subResource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
				subResource.mipLevel = mipLevel;
				subResource.arrayLayer = layer;

				// Aligned sizes by image granularity
				VkExtent3D imageGranularity = sparseMemoryReq.formatProperties.imageGranularity;
				glm::uvec3 sparseBindCounts = alignedDivision(extent, imageGranularity);
				glm::uvec3 lastBlockExtent;
				lastBlockExtent.x = (extent.width % imageGranularity.width) ? extent.width % imageGranularity.width : imageGranularity.width;
				lastBlockExtent.y = (extent.height % imageGranularity.height) ? extent.height % imageGranularity.height : imageGranularity.height;
				lastBlockExtent.z = (extent.depth % imageGranularity.depth) ? extent.depth % imageGranularity.depth : imageGranularity.depth;

				// @todo: Comment
				uint32_t index = 0;
				for (uint32_t z = 0; z < sparseBindCounts.z; z++)
				{
					for (uint32_t y = 0; y < sparseBindCounts.y; y++)
					{
						for (uint32_t x = 0; x < sparseBindCounts.x; x++)
						{
							// Offset
							VkOffset3D offset;
							offset.x = x * imageGranularity.width;
							offset.y = y * imageGranularity.height;
							offset.z = z * imageGranularity.depth;
							// Size of the page
							VkExtent3D extent;
							extent.width = (x == sparseBindCounts.x - 1) ? lastBlockExtent.x : imageGranularity.width;
							extent.height = (y == sparseBindCounts.y - 1) ? lastBlockExtent.y : imageGranularity.height;
							extent.depth = (z == sparseBindCounts.z - 1) ? lastBlockExtent.z : imageGranularity.depth;

							// Add new virtual page
							VirtualTexturePage* newPage = texture.addPage(offset, extent, sparseImageMemoryReqs.alignment, mipLevel, layer);
							newPage->imageMemoryBind.subresource = subResource;

							index++;
						}
					}
				}
			}

			// Check if format has one mip tail per layer
			if ((!singleMipTail) && (sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailFirstLod < texture.mipLevels))
			{
				// Allocate memory for the mip tail
				VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
				allocInfo.allocationSize = sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailSize;
				allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex;

				VkDeviceMemory deviceMemory;
				VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &deviceMemory));

				// (Opaque) sparse memory binding
				VkSparseMemoryBind sparseMemoryBind{};
				sparseMemoryBind.resourceOffset = sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailOffset + layer * sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailStride;
				sparseMemoryBind.size = sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailSize;
				sparseMemoryBind.memory = deviceMemory;

				texture.opaqueMemoryBinds.push_back(sparseMemoryBind);
			}
		} // end layers and mips

		std::cout << "Texture info:" << std::endl;
		std::cout << "\tDim: " << texture.width << " x " << texture.height << std::endl;
		std::cout << "\tVirtual pages: " << texture.pages.size() << std::endl;

		// Check if format has one mip tail for all layers
		if ((sparseMemoryReq.formatProperties.flags & VK_SPARSE_IMAGE_FORMAT_SINGLE_MIPTAIL_BIT) && (sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailFirstLod < texture.mipLevels))
		{
			// Allocate memory for the mip tail
			VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
			allocInfo.allocationSize = sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailSize;
			allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex;

			VkDeviceMemory deviceMemory;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &deviceMemory));

			// (Opaque) sparse memory binding
			VkSparseMemoryBind sparseMemoryBind{};
			sparseMemoryBind.resourceOffset = sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailOffset;
			sparseMemoryBind.size = sparseMemoryReq.imageMipTailSize;
			sparseMemoryBind.memory = deviceMemory;

			texture.opaqueMemoryBinds.push_back(sparseMemoryBind);
		}

		// Create signal semaphore for sparse binding
		VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreCreateInfo = vks::initializers::semaphoreCreateInfo();
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &bindSparseSemaphore));

		// Prepare bind sparse info for reuse in queue submission
		texture.updateSparseBindInfo();

		// Bind to queue
		// todo: in draw?
		vkQueueBindSparse(queue, 1, &texture.bindSparseInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
		//todo: use sparse bind semaphore
		vkQueueWaitIdle(queue);

		// Create sampler
		VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler = vks::initializers::samplerCreateInfo();
		sampler.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		sampler.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		sampler.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		sampler.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
		sampler.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
		sampler.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
		sampler.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
		sampler.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_NEVER;
		sampler.minLod = 0.0f;
		sampler.maxLod = static_cast<float>(texture.mipLevels);
		sampler.maxAnisotropy = vulkanDevice->features.samplerAnisotropy ? vulkanDevice->properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy : 1.0f;
		sampler.anisotropyEnable = false;
		sampler.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(device, &sampler, nullptr, &texture.sampler));

		// Create image view
		VkImageViewCreateInfo view = vks::initializers::imageViewCreateInfo();
		view.image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
		view.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		view.format = format;
		view.components = { VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A };
		view.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		view.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		view.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		view.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		view.subresourceRange.levelCount = texture.mipLevels;
		view.image = texture.image;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device, &view, nullptr, &texture.view));

		// Fill image descriptor image info that can be used during the descriptor set setup
		texture.descriptor.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
		texture.descriptor.imageView = texture.view;
		texture.descriptor.sampler = texture.sampler;
	}

	// Free all Vulkan resources used a texture object
	void destroyTextureImage(SparseTexture texture)
	{
		vkDestroyImageView(device, texture.view, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, texture.image, nullptr);
		vkDestroySampler(device, texture.sampler, nullptr);
		texture.destroy();
	}

	void buildCommandBuffers()
	{
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vks::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		VkClearValue clearValues[2];
		clearValues[0].color = defaultClearColor;
		clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.x = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.y = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = width;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = height;
		renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 2;
		renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;

		for (int32_t i = 0; i < drawCmdBuffers.size(); ++i)
		{
			renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = frameBuffers[i];

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBeginCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], &cmdBufInfo));

			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i], &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

			VkViewport viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)width, (float)height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
			vkCmdSetViewport(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &viewport);

			VkRect2D scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(width, height, 0, 0);
			vkCmdSetScissor(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &scissor);

			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSet, 0, NULL);
			vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipeline);

			VkDeviceSize offsets[1] = { 0 };
			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &plane.vertices.buffer, offsets);
			vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], plane.indices.buffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
			vkCmdDrawIndexed(drawCmdBuffers[i], plane.indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);

			drawUI(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

			vkCmdEndRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkEndCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i]));
		}
	}

	void draw()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepareFrame();
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer];
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkQueueSubmit(queue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE));
		VulkanExampleBase::submitFrame();
	}

	void loadAssets()
	{
		plane.loadFromFile(getAssetPath() + "models/plane_z.obj", vertexLayout, 1.0f, vulkanDevice, queue);
	}

	void setupDescriptorPool()
	{
		// Example uses one ubo and one image sampler
		std::vector<VkDescriptorPoolSize> poolSizes =
		{
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 1),
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1)
		};

		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolInfo =
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolCreateInfo(
				static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size()),
				poolSizes.data(),
				2);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &descriptorPoolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool));
	}

	void setupDescriptorSetLayout()
	{
		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding> setLayoutBindings =
		{
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
				0),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader image sampler
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
				1)
		};

		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorLayout =
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo(
				setLayoutBindings.data(),
				static_cast<uint32_t>(setLayoutBindings.size()));

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &descriptorLayout, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout));

		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo =
			vks::initializers::pipelineLayoutCreateInfo(
				&descriptorSetLayout,
				1);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));
	}

	void setupDescriptorSet()
	{
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo =
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetAllocateInfo(
				descriptorPool,
				&descriptorSetLayout,
				1);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSet));

		std::vector<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writeDescriptorSets =
		{
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				0,
				&uniformBufferVS.descriptor),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader texture sampler
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				1,
				&texture.descriptor)
		};

		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(writeDescriptorSets.size()), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, NULL);
	}

	void preparePipelines()
	{
		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyState = vks::initializers::pipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo(VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST, 0, VK_FALSE);
		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationState = vks::initializers::pipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo(VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL, VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT, VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE, 0);
		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blendAttachmentState = vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(0xf, VK_FALSE);
		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendState = vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo(1, &blendAttachmentState);
		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilState = vks::initializers::pipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo(VK_TRUE, VK_TRUE, VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);
		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = vks::initializers::pipelineViewportStateCreateInfo(1, 1, 0);
		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleState = vks::initializers::pipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo(VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, 0);
		std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStateEnables = {VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT, VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR};
		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState = vks::initializers::pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo(dynamicStateEnables);
		std::array<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, 2> shaderStages;

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCI = vks::initializers::pipelineCreateInfo( pipelineLayout, renderPass);
		pipelineCI.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState;
		pipelineCI.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState;
		pipelineCI.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState;
		pipelineCI.pMultisampleState = &multisampleState;
		pipelineCI.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineCI.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState;
		pipelineCI.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
		pipelineCI.stageCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(shaderStages.size());
		pipelineCI.pStages = shaderStages.data();

		// Vertex bindings an attributes
		std::vector<VkVertexInputBindingDescription> vertexInputBindings = {
			vks::initializers::vertexInputBindingDescription(0, vertexLayout.stride(), VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX),
		};
		std::vector<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription> vertexInputAttributes = {
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(0, 0, VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, 0),					// Location 0: Position
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(0, 1, VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, sizeof(float) * 3),	// Location 1: Normal
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(0, 2, VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, sizeof(float) * 6),		// Location 0: Texture coordinates
		};
		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputState = vks::initializers::pipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo();
		vertexInputState.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertexInputBindings.size());
		vertexInputState.pVertexBindingDescriptions = vertexInputBindings.data();
		vertexInputState.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertexInputAttributes.size());
		vertexInputState.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = vertexInputAttributes.data();
		pipelineCI.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputState;

		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "texturesparseresidency/sparseresidency.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "texturesparseresidency/sparseresidency.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCI, nullptr, &pipeline));
	}

	// Prepare and initialize uniform buffer containing shader uniforms
	void prepareUniformBuffers()
	{
		// Vertex shader uniform buffer block
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&uniformBufferVS,
			sizeof(uboVS),
			&uboVS));

		updateUniformBuffers();
	}

	void updateUniformBuffers()
	{
		uboVS.projection = camera.matrices.perspective;
		uboVS.model = camera.matrices.view;
		uboVS.viewPos = camera.viewPos;

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(uniformBufferVS.map());
		memcpy(uniformBufferVS.mapped, &uboVS, sizeof(uboVS));
		uniformBufferVS.unmap();
	}

	void prepare()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepare();
		// Check if the GPU supports sparse residency for 2D images
		if (!vulkanDevice->features.sparseResidencyImage2D) {
			vks::tools::exitFatal("Device does not support sparse residency for 2D images!", VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT);
		}
		loadAssets();
		prepareUniformBuffers();
		// Create a virtual texture with max. possible dimension (does not take up any VRAM yet)
		prepareSparseTexture(4096, 4096, 1, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM);
		setupDescriptorSetLayout();
		preparePipelines();
		setupDescriptorPool();
		setupDescriptorSet();
		buildCommandBuffers();
		prepared = true;
	}

	virtual void render()
	{
		if (!prepared)
			return;
		draw();
		if (camera.updated) {
			updateUniformBuffers();
		}
	}

	void uploadContent(VirtualTexturePage page, VkImage image)
	{
		// Generate some random image data and upload as a buffer
		const size_t bufferSize = 4 * page.extent.width * page.extent.height;

		vks::Buffer imageBuffer;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&imageBuffer,
			bufferSize));
		imageBuffer.map();

		// Fill buffer with random colors
		std::random_device rd;
		std::mt19937 rndEngine(rd());
		std::uniform_int_distribution<uint32_t> rndDist(0, 255);
		uint8_t* data = (uint8_t*)imageBuffer.mapped;
		uint8_t rndVal[4];
		ZeroMemory(&rndVal, sizeof(uint32_t));
		while (rndVal[0] + rndVal[1] + rndVal[2] < 10) {
			rndVal[0] = (uint8_t)rndDist(rndEngine);
			rndVal[1] = (uint8_t)rndDist(rndEngine);
			rndVal[2] = (uint8_t)rndDist(rndEngine);
		}
		rndVal[3] = 255;

		for (uint32_t y = 0; y < page.extent.height; y++)
		{
			for (uint32_t x = 0; x < page.extent.width; x++)
			{
				for (uint32_t c = 0; c < 4; c++, ++data)
				{
					*data = rndVal[c];
				}
			}
		}

		VkCommandBuffer copyCmd = vulkanDevice->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);
		vks::tools::setImageLayout(copyCmd, image, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT);
		VkBufferImageCopy region{};
		region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
		region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = page.mipLevel;
		region.imageOffset = page.offset;
		region.imageExtent = page.extent;
		vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(copyCmd, imageBuffer.buffer, image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region);
		vks::tools::setImageLayout(copyCmd, image, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT);
		vulkanDevice->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, queue);

		imageBuffer.destroy();
	}
	
	void fillRandomPages()
	{
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

		std::default_random_engine rndEngine(std::random_device{}());
		std::uniform_real_distribution<float> rndDist(0.0f, 1.0f);

		std::vector<VirtualTexturePage> updatedPages;
		for (auto& page : texture.pages) {
			if (rndDist(rndEngine) < 0.5f) {
				continue;
			}
			page.allocate(device, memoryTypeIndex);
			updatedPages.push_back(page);
		}

		// Update sparse queue binding
		texture.updateSparseBindInfo();
		VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = vks::initializers::fenceCreateInfo(VK_FLAGS_NONE);
		VkFence fence;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &fence));
		vkQueueBindSparse(queue, 1, &texture.bindSparseInfo, fence);
		vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

		for (auto &page: updatedPages) {
			uploadContent(page, texture.image);
		}
	}

	void fillMipTail()
	{
		//@todo: WIP
		VkDeviceSize imageMipTailSize = texture.sparseImageMemoryRequirements.imageMipTailSize;
		VkDeviceSize imageMipTailOffset = texture.sparseImageMemoryRequirements.imageMipTailOffset;
		// Stride between memory bindings for each mip level if not single mip tail (VK_SPARSE_IMAGE_FORMAT_SINGLE_MIPTAIL_BIT not set)
		VkDeviceSize imageMipTailStride = texture.sparseImageMemoryRequirements.imageMipTailStride;

		VkSparseImageMemoryBind mipTailimageMemoryBind{};

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
		allocInfo.allocationSize = imageMipTailSize;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &mipTailimageMemoryBind.memory));

		uint32_t mipLevel = texture.sparseImageMemoryRequirements.imageMipTailFirstLod;
		uint32_t width = std::max(texture.width >> texture.sparseImageMemoryRequirements.imageMipTailFirstLod, 1u);
		uint32_t height = std::max(texture.height >> texture.sparseImageMemoryRequirements.imageMipTailFirstLod, 1u);
		uint32_t depth = 1;

		for (uint32_t i = texture.mipTailStart; i < texture.mipLevels; i++) {

			const uint32_t width = std::max(texture.width >> i, 1u);
			const uint32_t height = std::max(texture.height >> i, 1u);
			const uint32_t depth = 1;

			// Generate some random image data and upload as a buffer
			const size_t bufferSize = 4 * width * height;

			vks::Buffer imageBuffer;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
				VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
				VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
				&imageBuffer,
				bufferSize));
			imageBuffer.map();

			// Fill buffer with random colors
			std::random_device rd;
			std::mt19937 rndEngine(rd());
			std::uniform_int_distribution<uint32_t> rndDist(0, 255);
			uint8_t* data = (uint8_t*)imageBuffer.mapped;
			uint8_t rndVal[4];
			ZeroMemory(&rndVal, sizeof(uint32_t));
			while (rndVal[0] + rndVal[1] + rndVal[2] < 10) {
				rndVal[0] = (uint8_t)rndDist(rndEngine);
				rndVal[1] = (uint8_t)rndDist(rndEngine);
				rndVal[2] = (uint8_t)rndDist(rndEngine);
			}
			rndVal[3] = 255;

			switch (mipLevel) {
			case 0:
				rndVal[0] = rndVal[1] = rndVal[2] = 255;
				break;
			case 1:
				rndVal[0] = rndVal[1] = rndVal[2] = 200;
				break;
			case 2:
				rndVal[0] = rndVal[1] = rndVal[2] = 150;
				break;
			}

			for (uint32_t y = 0; y < height; y++)
			{
				for (uint32_t x = 0; x < width; x++)
				{
					for (uint32_t c = 0; c < 4; c++, ++data)
					{
						*data = rndVal[c];
					}
				}
			}

			VkCommandBuffer copyCmd = vulkanDevice->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);
			vks::tools::setImageLayout(copyCmd, texture.image, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT);
			VkBufferImageCopy region{};
			region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
			region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = i;
			region.imageOffset = {};
			region.imageExtent = { width, height, depth };
			vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(copyCmd, imageBuffer.buffer, texture.image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region);
			vks::tools::setImageLayout(copyCmd, texture.image, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT);
			vulkanDevice->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, queue);

			imageBuffer.destroy();
		}
	}

	void flushRandomPages()
	{
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

		std::default_random_engine rndEngine(std::random_device{}());
		std::uniform_real_distribution<float> rndDist(0.0f, 1.0f);

		std::vector<VirtualTexturePage> updatedPages;
		for (auto& page : texture.pages)
		{
			if (rndDist(rndEngine) < 0.5f) {
				continue;
			}
			page.release(device);
		}

		// Update sparse queue binding
		texture.updateSparseBindInfo();
		VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = vks::initializers::fenceCreateInfo(VK_FLAGS_NONE);
		VkFence fence;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &fence));
		vkQueueBindSparse(queue, 1, &texture.bindSparseInfo, fence);
		vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
	}

	virtual void OnUpdateUIOverlay(vks::UIOverlay* overlay)
	{
		if (overlay->header("Settings")) {
			if (overlay->sliderFloat("LOD bias", &uboVS.lodBias, -(float)texture.mipLevels, (float)texture.mipLevels)) {
				updateUniformBuffers();
			}
			if (overlay->button("Fill random pages")) {
				fillRandomPages();
			}
			if (overlay->button("Flush random pages")) {
				flushRandomPages();
			}
			if (overlay->button("Fill mip tail")) {
				fillMipTail();
			}
		}
		if (overlay->header("Statistics")) {
			uint32_t respages = 0;
			std::for_each(texture.pages.begin(), texture.pages.end(), [&respages](VirtualTexturePage page) { respages += (page.resident()) ? 1 : 0; });
			overlay->text("Resident pages: %d of %d", respages, static_cast<uint32_t>(texture.pages.size()));
			overlay->text("Mip tail starts at: %d", texture.mipTailStart);
		}

	}
};

VULKAN_EXAMPLE_MAIN()