procedural-3d-engine/base/vulkanexamplebase.cpp

/*
* Vulkan Example base class
*
* Copyright (C) 2016-2025 by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license (MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

#include "vulkanexamplebase.h"

#if defined(VK_EXAMPLE_XCODE_GENERATED)
#if (defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT))
#include <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>
#include <QuartzCore/CAMetalLayer.h>
#include <CoreVideo/CVDisplayLink.h>
#endif
#else // !defined(VK_EXAMPLE_XCODE_GENERATED)
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
// SRS - Metal layer is defined externally when using iOS/macOS displayLink-driven examples project
extern CAMetalLayer* layer;
#endif
#endif

std::vector<const char*> VulkanExampleBase::args;

VkResult VulkanExampleBase::createInstance()
{
	std::vector<const char*> instanceExtensions = { VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME };

	// Enable surface extensions depending on os
#if defined(_WIN32)
	instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
	instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_ANDROID_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(_DIRECT2DISPLAY)
	instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
	instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DIRECTFB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
	instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
	instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK)
	instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_MVK_IOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
	instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_MVK_MACOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
	instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_EXT_METAL_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_HEADLESS_EXT)
	instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_EXT_HEADLESS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
	instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_QNX_SCREEN_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
#endif

	// Get extensions supported by the instance and store for later use
	uint32_t extCount = 0;
	vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extCount, nullptr);
	if (extCount > 0)
	{
		std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> extensions(extCount);
		if (vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extCount, &extensions.front()) == VK_SUCCESS)
		{
			for (VkExtensionProperties& extension : extensions)
			{
				supportedInstanceExtensions.push_back(extension.extensionName);
			}
		}
	}

#if (defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT))
	// SRS - When running on iOS/macOS with MoltenVK, enable VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2 if not already enabled by the example (required by VK_KHR_portability_subset)
	if (std::find(enabledInstanceExtensions.begin(), enabledInstanceExtensions.end(), VK_KHR_GET_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2_EXTENSION_NAME) == enabledInstanceExtensions.end())
	{
		enabledInstanceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_GET_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2_EXTENSION_NAME);
	}
#endif

	// Enabled requested instance extensions
	if (!enabledInstanceExtensions.empty())
	{
		for (const char * enabledExtension : enabledInstanceExtensions)
		{
			// Output message if requested extension is not available
			if (std::find(supportedInstanceExtensions.begin(), supportedInstanceExtensions.end(), enabledExtension) == supportedInstanceExtensions.end())
			{
				std::cerr << "Enabled instance extension \"" << enabledExtension << "\" is not present at instance level\n";
			}
			instanceExtensions.push_back(enabledExtension);
		}
	}

	// Shaders generated by Slang require a certain SPIR-V environment that can't be satisfied by Vulkan 1.0, so we need to expliclity up that to at least 1.1 and enable some required extensions
	if (shaderDir == "slang") {
		if (apiVersion < VK_API_VERSION_1_1) {
			apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_1;
		}
		enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SPIRV_1_4_EXTENSION_NAME);
		enabledDeviceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SHADER_FLOAT_CONTROLS_EXTENSION_NAME);
	}

	VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};
	appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
	appInfo.pApplicationName = name.c_str();
	appInfo.pEngineName = name.c_str();
	appInfo.apiVersion = apiVersion;

	VkInstanceCreateInfo instanceCreateInfo{};
	instanceCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
	instanceCreateInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

	VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugUtilsMessengerCI{};
	if (settings.validation) {
		vks::debug::setupDebugingMessengerCreateInfo(debugUtilsMessengerCI);
		debugUtilsMessengerCI.pNext = instanceCreateInfo.pNext;
		instanceCreateInfo.pNext = &debugUtilsMessengerCI;
	}

#if (defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)) && defined(VK_KHR_portability_enumeration)
	// SRS - When running on iOS/macOS with MoltenVK and VK_KHR_portability_enumeration is defined and supported by the instance, enable the extension and the flag
	if (std::find(supportedInstanceExtensions.begin(), supportedInstanceExtensions.end(), VK_KHR_PORTABILITY_ENUMERATION_EXTENSION_NAME) != supportedInstanceExtensions.end())
	{
		instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_KHR_PORTABILITY_ENUMERATION_EXTENSION_NAME);
		instanceCreateInfo.flags |= VK_INSTANCE_CREATE_ENUMERATE_PORTABILITY_BIT_KHR;
	}
#endif

	// Enable the debug utils extension if available (e.g. when debugging tools are present)
	if (settings.validation || std::find(supportedInstanceExtensions.begin(), supportedInstanceExtensions.end(), VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME) != supportedInstanceExtensions.end()) {
		instanceExtensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
	}

	if (!instanceExtensions.empty()) {
		instanceCreateInfo.enabledExtensionCount = (uint32_t)instanceExtensions.size();
		instanceCreateInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = instanceExtensions.data();
	}

	// The VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation contains all current validation functionality.
	// Note that on Android this layer requires at least NDK r20
	const char* validationLayerName = "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation";
	if (settings.validation) {
		// Check if this layer is available at instance level
		uint32_t instanceLayerCount;
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instanceLayerCount, nullptr);
		std::vector<VkLayerProperties> instanceLayerProperties(instanceLayerCount);
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instanceLayerCount, instanceLayerProperties.data());
		bool validationLayerPresent = false;
		for (VkLayerProperties& layer : instanceLayerProperties) {
			if (strcmp(layer.layerName, validationLayerName) == 0) {
				validationLayerPresent = true;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (validationLayerPresent) {
			instanceCreateInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = &validationLayerName;
			instanceCreateInfo.enabledLayerCount = 1;
		} else {
			std::cerr << "Validation layer VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation not present, validation is disabled";
		}
	}

	// If layer settings are defined, then activate the sample's required layer settings during instance creation.
	// Layer settings are typically used to activate specific features of a layer, such as the Validation Layer's
	// printf feature, or to configure specific capabilities of drivers such as MoltenVK on macOS and/or iOS.
	VkLayerSettingsCreateInfoEXT layerSettingsCreateInfo{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_LAYER_SETTINGS_CREATE_INFO_EXT};
	if (enabledLayerSettings.size() > 0) {
		layerSettingsCreateInfo.settingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(enabledLayerSettings.size());
		layerSettingsCreateInfo.pSettings = enabledLayerSettings.data();
		layerSettingsCreateInfo.pNext = instanceCreateInfo.pNext;
		instanceCreateInfo.pNext = &layerSettingsCreateInfo;
	}

	VkResult result = vkCreateInstance(&instanceCreateInfo, nullptr, &instance);

	// If the debug utils extension is present we set up debug functions, so samples can label objects for debugging
	if (std::find(supportedInstanceExtensions.begin(), supportedInstanceExtensions.end(), VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME) != supportedInstanceExtensions.end()) {
		vks::debugutils::setup(instance);
	}

	return result;
}

void VulkanExampleBase::renderFrame()
{
	VulkanExampleBase::prepareFrame();
	submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
	submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer];
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkQueueSubmit(queue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE));
	VulkanExampleBase::submitFrame();
}

std::string VulkanExampleBase::getWindowTitle() const
{
	std::string windowTitle{ title + " - " + deviceProperties.deviceName };
	if (!settings.overlay) {
		windowTitle += " - " + std::to_string(frameCounter) + " fps";
	}
	return windowTitle;
}

void VulkanExampleBase::createCommandBuffers()
{
	// Create one command buffer for each swap chain image
	drawCmdBuffers.resize(swapChain.images.size());
	VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cmdBufAllocateInfo = vks::initializers::commandBufferAllocateInfo(cmdPool, VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, static_cast<uint32_t>(drawCmdBuffers.size()));
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &cmdBufAllocateInfo, drawCmdBuffers.data()));
}

void VulkanExampleBase::destroyCommandBuffers()
{
	vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, cmdPool, static_cast<uint32_t>(drawCmdBuffers.size()), drawCmdBuffers.data());
}

std::string VulkanExampleBase::getShadersPath() const
{
	return getShaderBasePath() + shaderDir + "/";
}

void VulkanExampleBase::createPipelineCache()
{
	VkPipelineCacheCreateInfo pipelineCacheCreateInfo = {};
	pipelineCacheCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_CACHE_CREATE_INFO;
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreatePipelineCache(device, &pipelineCacheCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineCache));
}

void VulkanExampleBase::prepare()
{
	createSurface();
	createCommandPool();
	createSwapChain();
	createCommandBuffers();
	createSynchronizationPrimitives();
	setupDepthStencil();
	setupRenderPass();
	createPipelineCache();
	setupFrameBuffer();
	settings.overlay = settings.overlay && (!benchmark.active);
	if (settings.overlay) {
		ui.device = vulkanDevice;
		ui.queue = queue;
		ui.shaders = {
			loadShader(getShadersPath() + "base/uioverlay.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT),
			loadShader(getShadersPath() + "base/uioverlay.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT),
		};
		ui.prepareResources();
		ui.preparePipeline(pipelineCache, renderPass, swapChain.colorFormat, depthFormat);
	}
}

VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo VulkanExampleBase::loadShader(std::string fileName, VkShaderStageFlagBits stage)
{
	VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStage = {};
	shaderStage.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
	shaderStage.stage = stage;
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
	shaderStage.module = vks::tools::loadShader(androidApp->activity->assetManager, fileName.c_str(), device);
#else
	shaderStage.module = vks::tools::loadShader(fileName.c_str(), device);
#endif
	shaderStage.pName = "main";
	assert(shaderStage.module != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
	shaderModules.push_back(shaderStage.module);
	return shaderStage;
}

void VulkanExampleBase::nextFrame()
{
	auto tStart = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
	if (viewUpdated)
	{
		viewUpdated = false;
	}

	render();
	frameCounter++;
	auto tEnd = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
#if (defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)) && !defined(VK_EXAMPLE_XCODE_GENERATED)
	// SRS - Calculate tDiff as time between frames vs. rendering time for iOS/macOS displayLink-driven examples project
	auto tDiff = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - tPrevEnd).count();
#else
	auto tDiff = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - tStart).count();
#endif
	frameTimer = (float)tDiff / 1000.0f;
	camera.update(frameTimer);
	if (camera.moving())
	{
		viewUpdated = true;
	}
	// Convert to clamped timer value
	if (!paused)
	{
		timer += timerSpeed * frameTimer;
		if (timer > 1.0)
		{
			timer -= 1.0f;
		}
	}
	float fpsTimer = (float)(std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - lastTimestamp).count());
	if (fpsTimer > 1000.0f)
	{
		lastFPS = static_cast<uint32_t>((float)frameCounter * (1000.0f / fpsTimer));
#if defined(_WIN32)
		if (!settings.overlay)	{
			std::string windowTitle = getWindowTitle();
			SetWindowText(window, windowTitle.c_str());
		}
#endif
		frameCounter = 0;
		lastTimestamp = tEnd;
	}
	tPrevEnd = tEnd;

	updateOverlay();
}

void VulkanExampleBase::renderLoop()
{
// SRS - for non-apple plaforms, handle benchmarking here within VulkanExampleBase::renderLoop()
//     - for macOS, handle benchmarking within NSApp rendering loop via displayLinkOutputCb()
#if !(defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT))
	if (benchmark.active) {
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
		while (!configured)
		{
			if (wl_display_dispatch(display) == -1)
				break;
		}
		while (wl_display_prepare_read(display) != 0)
		{
			if (wl_display_dispatch_pending(display) == -1)
				break;
		}
		wl_display_flush(display);
		wl_display_read_events(display);
		if (wl_display_dispatch_pending(display) == -1)
			return;
#endif

		benchmark.run([=] { render(); }, vulkanDevice->properties);
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
		if (!benchmark.filename.empty()) {
			benchmark.saveResults();
		}
		return;
	}
#endif

	destWidth = width;
	destHeight = height;
	lastTimestamp = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
	tPrevEnd = lastTimestamp;
#if defined(_WIN32)
	MSG msg;
	bool quitMessageReceived = false;
	while (!quitMessageReceived) {
		while (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
			TranslateMessage(&msg);
			DispatchMessage(&msg);
			if (msg.message == WM_QUIT) {
				quitMessageReceived = true;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (prepared && !IsIconic(window)) {
			nextFrame();
		}
	}
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
	while (true)
	{
		int ident;
		int events;
		struct android_poll_source* source;
		bool destroy = false;

		focused = true;

		while ((ident = ALooper_pollOnce(focused ? 0 : -1, nullptr, &events, (void**)&source)) > ALOOPER_POLL_TIMEOUT)
		{
			if (source != nullptr)
			{
				source->process(androidApp, source);
			}
			if (androidApp->destroyRequested != 0)
			{
				LOGD("Android app destroy requested");
				destroy = true;
				break;
			}
		}

		// App destruction requested
		// Exit loop, example will be destroyed in application main
		if (destroy)
		{
			ANativeActivity_finish(androidApp->activity);
			break;
		}

		// Render frame
		if (prepared)
		{
			auto tStart = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
			render();
			frameCounter++;
			auto tEnd = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
			auto tDiff = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - tStart).count();
			frameTimer = tDiff / 1000.0f;
			camera.update(frameTimer);
			// Convert to clamped timer value
			if (!paused)
			{
				timer += timerSpeed * frameTimer;
				if (timer > 1.0)
				{
					timer -= 1.0f;
				}
			}
			float fpsTimer = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - lastTimestamp).count();
			if (fpsTimer > 1000.0f)
			{
				lastFPS = (float)frameCounter * (1000.0f / fpsTimer);
				frameCounter = 0;
				lastTimestamp = tEnd;
			}

			updateOverlay();

			// Check touch state (for movement)
			if (touchDown) {
				touchTimer += frameTimer;
			}
			if (touchTimer >= 1.0) {
				camera.keys.up = true;
			}

			// Check gamepad state
			const float deadZone = 0.0015f;
			if (camera.type != Camera::CameraType::firstperson)
			{
				// Rotate
				if (std::abs(gamePadState.axisLeft.x) > deadZone)
				{
					camera.rotate(glm::vec3(0.0f, gamePadState.axisLeft.x * 0.5f, 0.0f));
				}
				if (std::abs(gamePadState.axisLeft.y) > deadZone)
				{
					camera.rotate(glm::vec3(gamePadState.axisLeft.y * 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
				}
				// Zoom
				if (std::abs(gamePadState.axisRight.y) > deadZone)
				{
					camera.translate(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, gamePadState.axisRight.y * 0.01f));
				}
			}
			else
			{
				camera.updatePad(gamePadState.axisLeft, gamePadState.axisRight, frameTimer);
			}
		}
	}
#elif defined(_DIRECT2DISPLAY)
	while (!quit)
	{
		auto tStart = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		if (viewUpdated)
		{
			viewUpdated = false;
		}
		render();
		frameCounter++;
		auto tEnd = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		auto tDiff = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - tStart).count();
		frameTimer = tDiff / 1000.0f;
		camera.update(frameTimer);
		if (camera.moving())
		{
			viewUpdated = true;
		}
		// Convert to clamped timer value
		if (!paused)
		{
			timer += timerSpeed * frameTimer;
			if (timer > 1.0)
			{
				timer -= 1.0f;
			}
		}
		float fpsTimer = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - lastTimestamp).count();
		if (fpsTimer > 1000.0f)
		{
			lastFPS = (float)frameCounter * (1000.0f / fpsTimer);
			frameCounter = 0;
			lastTimestamp = tEnd;
		}
		updateOverlay();
	}
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
	while (!quit)
	{
		auto tStart = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		if (viewUpdated)
		{
			viewUpdated = false;
		}
		DFBWindowEvent event;
		while (!event_buffer->GetEvent(event_buffer, DFB_EVENT(&event)))
		{
			handleEvent(&event);
		}
		render();
		frameCounter++;
		auto tEnd = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		auto tDiff = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - tStart).count();
		frameTimer = tDiff / 1000.0f;
		camera.update(frameTimer);
		if (camera.moving())
		{
			viewUpdated = true;
		}
		// Convert to clamped timer value
		if (!paused)
		{
			timer += timerSpeed * frameTimer;
			if (timer > 1.0)
			{
				timer -= 1.0f;
			}
		}
		float fpsTimer = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - lastTimestamp).count();
		if (fpsTimer > 1000.0f)
		{
			lastFPS = (float)frameCounter * (1000.0f / fpsTimer);
			frameCounter = 0;
			lastTimestamp = tEnd;
		}
		updateOverlay();
	}
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
	while (!quit)
	{
		auto tStart = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		if (viewUpdated)
		{
			viewUpdated = false;
		}

		while (!configured)
		{
			if (wl_display_dispatch(display) == -1)
				break;
		}
		while (wl_display_prepare_read(display) != 0)
		{
			if (wl_display_dispatch_pending(display) == -1)
				break;
		}
		wl_display_flush(display);
		wl_display_read_events(display);
		if (wl_display_dispatch_pending(display) == -1)
			break;

		render();
		frameCounter++;
		auto tEnd = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		auto tDiff = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - tStart).count();
		frameTimer = tDiff / 1000.0f;
		camera.update(frameTimer);
		if (camera.moving())
		{
			viewUpdated = true;
		}
		// Convert to clamped timer value
		if (!paused)
		{
			timer += timerSpeed * frameTimer;
			if (timer > 1.0)
			{
				timer -= 1.0f;
			}
		}
		float fpsTimer = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - lastTimestamp).count();
		if (fpsTimer > 1000.0f)
		{
			if (!settings.overlay)
			{
				std::string windowTitle = getWindowTitle();
				xdg_toplevel_set_title(xdg_toplevel, windowTitle.c_str());
			}
			lastFPS = (float)frameCounter * (1000.0f / fpsTimer);
			frameCounter = 0;
			lastTimestamp = tEnd;
		}
		updateOverlay();
	}
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
	xcb_flush(connection);
	while (!quit)
	{
		auto tStart = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		if (viewUpdated)
		{
			viewUpdated = false;
		}
		xcb_generic_event_t *event;
		while ((event = xcb_poll_for_event(connection)))
		{
			handleEvent(event);
			free(event);
		}
		render();
		frameCounter++;
		auto tEnd = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		auto tDiff = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - tStart).count();
		frameTimer = tDiff / 1000.0f;
		camera.update(frameTimer);
		if (camera.moving())
		{
			viewUpdated = true;
		}
		// Convert to clamped timer value
		if (!paused)
		{
			timer += timerSpeed * frameTimer;
			if (timer > 1.0)
			{
				timer -= 1.0f;
			}
		}
		float fpsTimer = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - lastTimestamp).count();
		if (fpsTimer > 1000.0f)
		{
			if (!settings.overlay)
			{
				std::string windowTitle = getWindowTitle();
				xcb_change_property(connection, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE,
					window, XCB_ATOM_WM_NAME, XCB_ATOM_STRING, 8,
					windowTitle.size(), windowTitle.c_str());
			}
			lastFPS = (float)frameCounter * (1000.0f / fpsTimer);
			frameCounter = 0;
			lastTimestamp = tEnd;
		}
		updateOverlay();
	}
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_HEADLESS_EXT)
	while (!quit)
	{
		auto tStart = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		if (viewUpdated)
		{
			viewUpdated = false;
		}
		render();
		frameCounter++;
		auto tEnd = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		auto tDiff = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - tStart).count();
		frameTimer = tDiff / 1000.0f;
		camera.update(frameTimer);
		if (camera.moving())
		{
			viewUpdated = true;
		}
		// Convert to clamped timer value
		timer += timerSpeed * frameTimer;
		if (timer > 1.0)
		{
			timer -= 1.0f;
		}
		float fpsTimer = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(tEnd - lastTimestamp).count();
		if (fpsTimer > 1000.0f)
		{
			lastFPS = (float)frameCounter * (1000.0f / fpsTimer);
			frameCounter = 0;
			lastTimestamp = tEnd;
		}
		updateOverlay();
	}
#elif (defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)) && defined(VK_EXAMPLE_XCODE_GENERATED)
	[NSApp run];
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
	while (!quit) {
		handleEvent();

		if (prepared) {
			nextFrame();
		}
	}
#endif
	// Flush device to make sure all resources can be freed
	if (device != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
	}
}

void VulkanExampleBase::updateOverlay()
{
	if (!settings.overlay)
		return;

	// The overlay does not need to be updated with each frame, so we limit the update rate
	// Not only does this save performance but it also makes display of fast changig values like fps more stable
	ui.updateTimer -= frameTimer;
	if (ui.updateTimer >= 0.0f) {
		return;
	}
	// Update at max. rate of 30 fps
	ui.updateTimer = 1.0f / 30.0f;

	ImGuiIO& io = ImGui::GetIO();

	io.DisplaySize = ImVec2((float)width, (float)height);
	io.DeltaTime = frameTimer;

	io.MousePos = ImVec2(mouseState.position.x, mouseState.position.y);
	io.MouseDown[0] = mouseState.buttons.left && ui.visible;
	io.MouseDown[1] = mouseState.buttons.right && ui.visible;
	io.MouseDown[2] = mouseState.buttons.middle && ui.visible;

	ImGui::NewFrame();

	ImGui::PushStyleVar(ImGuiStyleVar_WindowRounding, 0);
	ImGui::SetNextWindowPos(ImVec2(10 * ui.scale, 10 * ui.scale));
	ImGui::SetNextWindowSize(ImVec2(0, 0), ImGuiSetCond_FirstUseEver);
	ImGui::Begin("Vulkan Example", nullptr, ImGuiWindowFlags_AlwaysAutoResize | ImGuiWindowFlags_NoResize | ImGuiWindowFlags_NoMove);
	ImGui::TextUnformatted(title.c_str());
	ImGui::TextUnformatted(deviceProperties.deviceName);
	ImGui::Text("%.2f ms/frame (%.1d fps)", (1000.0f / lastFPS), lastFPS);

#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
	ImGui::PushStyleVar(ImGuiStyleVar_ItemSpacing, ImVec2(0.0f, 5.0f * ui.scale));
#endif
	ImGui::PushItemWidth(110.0f * ui.scale);
	OnUpdateUIOverlay(&ui);
	ImGui::PopItemWidth();
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
	ImGui::PopStyleVar();
#endif

	ImGui::End();
	ImGui::PopStyleVar();
	ImGui::Render();

	if (ui.update() || ui.updated) {
		buildCommandBuffers();
		ui.updated = false;
	}

#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
	if (mouseState.buttons.left) {
		mouseState.buttons.left = false;
	}
#endif
}

void VulkanExampleBase::drawUI(const VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer)
{
	if (settings.overlay && ui.visible) {
		const VkViewport viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)width, (float)height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
		const VkRect2D scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(width, height, 0, 0);
		vkCmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);
		vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

		ui.draw(commandBuffer);
	}
}

void VulkanExampleBase::prepareFrame()
{
	// Acquire the next image from the swap chain
	VkResult result = swapChain.acquireNextImage(semaphores.presentComplete, currentBuffer);
	// Recreate the swapchain if it's no longer compatible with the surface (OUT_OF_DATE)
	// SRS - If no longer optimal (VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR), wait until submitFrame() in case number of swapchain images will change on resize
	if ((result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) || (result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR)) {
		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
			windowResize();
		}
		return;
	}
	else {
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(result);
	}
}

void VulkanExampleBase::submitFrame()
{
	VkResult result = swapChain.queuePresent(queue, currentBuffer, semaphores.renderComplete);
	// Recreate the swapchain if it's no longer compatible with the surface (OUT_OF_DATE) or no longer optimal for presentation (SUBOPTIMAL)
	if ((result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) || (result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR)) {
		windowResize();
		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
			return;
		}
	}
	else {
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(result);
	}
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkQueueWaitIdle(queue));
}

VulkanExampleBase::VulkanExampleBase()
{
	// Command line arguments
	commandLineParser.add("help", { "--help" }, 0, "Show help");
	commandLineParser.add("validation", { "-v", "--validation" }, 0, "Enable validation layers");
	commandLineParser.add("vsync", { "-vs", "--vsync" }, 0, "Enable V-Sync");
	commandLineParser.add("fullscreen", { "-f", "--fullscreen" }, 0, "Start in fullscreen mode");
	commandLineParser.add("width", { "-w", "--width" }, 1, "Set window width");
	commandLineParser.add("height", { "-h", "--height" }, 1, "Set window height");
	commandLineParser.add("shaders", { "-s", "--shaders" }, 1, "Select shader type to use (gls, hlsl or slang)");
	commandLineParser.add("gpuselection", { "-g", "--gpu" }, 1, "Select GPU to run on");
	commandLineParser.add("gpulist", { "-gl", "--listgpus" }, 0, "Display a list of available Vulkan devices");
	commandLineParser.add("benchmark", { "-b", "--benchmark" }, 0, "Run example in benchmark mode");
	commandLineParser.add("benchmarkwarmup", { "-bw", "--benchwarmup" }, 1, "Set warmup time for benchmark mode in seconds");
	commandLineParser.add("benchmarkruntime", { "-br", "--benchruntime" }, 1, "Set duration time for benchmark mode in seconds");
	commandLineParser.add("benchmarkresultfile", { "-bf", "--benchfilename" }, 1, "Set file name for benchmark results");
	commandLineParser.add("benchmarkresultframes", { "-bt", "--benchframetimes" }, 0, "Save frame times to benchmark results file");
	commandLineParser.add("benchmarkframes", { "-bfs", "--benchmarkframes" }, 1, "Only render the given number of frames");
#if (!(defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)))
	commandLineParser.add("resourcepath", { "-rp", "--resourcepath" }, 1, "Set path for dir where assets and shaders folder is present");
#endif
	commandLineParser.parse(args);
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("help")) {
#if defined(_WIN32)
		setupConsole("Vulkan example");
#endif
		commandLineParser.printHelp();
		std::cin.get();
		exit(0);
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("validation")) {
		settings.validation = true;
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("vsync")) {
		settings.vsync = true;
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("height")) {
		height = commandLineParser.getValueAsInt("height", height);
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("width")) {
		width = commandLineParser.getValueAsInt("width", width);
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("fullscreen")) {
		settings.fullscreen = true;
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("shaders")) {
		std::string value = commandLineParser.getValueAsString("shaders", "glsl");
		if ((value != "glsl") && (value != "hlsl") && (value != "slang")) {
			std::cerr << "Shader type must be one of 'glsl', 'hlsl' or 'slang'\n";
		}
		else {
			shaderDir = value;
		}
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("benchmark")) {
		benchmark.active = true;
		vks::tools::errorModeSilent = true;
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("benchmarkwarmup")) {
		benchmark.warmup = commandLineParser.getValueAsInt("benchmarkwarmup", 0);
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("benchmarkruntime")) {
		benchmark.duration = commandLineParser.getValueAsInt("benchmarkruntime", benchmark.duration);
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("benchmarkresultfile")) {
		benchmark.filename = commandLineParser.getValueAsString("benchmarkresultfile", benchmark.filename);
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("benchmarkresultframes")) {
		benchmark.outputFrameTimes = true;
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("benchmarkframes")) {
		benchmark.outputFrames = commandLineParser.getValueAsInt("benchmarkframes", benchmark.outputFrames);
	}
#if (!(defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)))
	if(commandLineParser.isSet("resourcepath")) {
		vks::tools::resourcePath = commandLineParser.getValueAsString("resourcepath", "");
	}
#else
	// On Apple platforms, use layer settings extension to configure MoltenVK with common project config settings
	enabledInstanceExtensions.push_back(VK_EXT_LAYER_SETTINGS_EXTENSION_NAME);

	// Configure MoltenVK to use to use a dedicated compute queue (see compute[*] and timelinesemaphore samples)
	VkLayerSettingEXT layerSetting;
	layerSetting.pLayerName   = "MoltenVK";
	layerSetting.pSettingName = "MVK_CONFIG_SPECIALIZED_QUEUE_FAMILIES";
	layerSetting.type         = VK_LAYER_SETTING_TYPE_BOOL32_EXT;
	layerSetting.valueCount   = 1;

	// Make this static so layer setting reference remains valid after leaving constructor scope
	static const VkBool32 layerSettingOn = VK_TRUE;
	layerSetting.pValues = &layerSettingOn;
	enabledLayerSettings.push_back(layerSetting);
#endif

#if !defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
	// Check for a valid asset path
	struct stat info;
	if (stat(getAssetPath().c_str(), &info) != 0)
	{
#if defined(_WIN32)
		std::string msg = "Could not locate asset path in \"" + getAssetPath() + "\" !";
		MessageBox(NULL, msg.c_str(), "Fatal error", MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
#else
		std::cerr << "Error: Could not find asset path in " << getAssetPath() << "\n";
#endif
		exit(-1);
	}
#endif

	// Validation for all samples can be forced at compile time using the FORCE_VALIDATION define
#if defined(FORCE_VALIDATION)
	settings.validation = true;
#endif

#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
	// Vulkan library is loaded dynamically on Android
	bool libLoaded = vks::android::loadVulkanLibrary();
	assert(libLoaded);
#elif defined(_DIRECT2DISPLAY)

#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
	initWaylandConnection();
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
	initxcbConnection();
#endif

#if defined(_WIN32)
	// Enable console if validation is active, debug message callback will output to it
	if (this->settings.validation)
	{
		setupConsole("Vulkan example");
	}
	setupDPIAwareness();
#endif
}

VulkanExampleBase::~VulkanExampleBase()
{
	// Clean up Vulkan resources
	swapChain.cleanup();
	if (descriptorPool != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
	{
		vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr);
	}
	destroyCommandBuffers();
	if (renderPass != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
	{
		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);
	}
	for (auto& frameBuffer : frameBuffers)
	{
		vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, frameBuffer, nullptr);
	}

	for (auto& shaderModule : shaderModules)
	{
		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, shaderModule, nullptr);
	}
	vkDestroyImageView(device, depthStencil.view, nullptr);
	vkDestroyImage(device, depthStencil.image, nullptr);
	vkFreeMemory(device, depthStencil.memory, nullptr);

	vkDestroyPipelineCache(device, pipelineCache, nullptr);

	vkDestroyCommandPool(device, cmdPool, nullptr);

	vkDestroySemaphore(device, semaphores.presentComplete, nullptr);
	vkDestroySemaphore(device, semaphores.renderComplete, nullptr);
	for (auto& fence : waitFences) {
		vkDestroyFence(device, fence, nullptr);
	}

	if (settings.overlay) {
		ui.freeResources();
	}

	delete vulkanDevice;

	if (settings.validation)
	{
		vks::debug::freeDebugCallback(instance);
	}

	vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

#if defined(_DIRECT2DISPLAY)

#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
	if (event_buffer)
		event_buffer->Release(event_buffer);
	if (surface)
		surface->Release(surface);
	if (window)
		window->Release(window);
	if (layer)
		layer->Release(layer);
	if (dfb)
		dfb->Release(dfb);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
	xdg_toplevel_destroy(xdg_toplevel);
	xdg_surface_destroy(xdg_surface);
	wl_surface_destroy(surface);
	if (keyboard)
		wl_keyboard_destroy(keyboard);
	if (pointer)
		wl_pointer_destroy(pointer);
	if (seat)
		wl_seat_destroy(seat);
	xdg_wm_base_destroy(shell);
	wl_compositor_destroy(compositor);
	wl_registry_destroy(registry);
	wl_display_disconnect(display);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
	xcb_destroy_window(connection, window);
	xcb_disconnect(connection);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
	screen_destroy_event(screen_event);
	screen_destroy_window(screen_window);
	screen_destroy_context(screen_context);
#endif
}

bool VulkanExampleBase::initVulkan()
{
	// Instead of checking for the command line switch, validation can be forced via a define
#if defined(_VALIDATION)
	this->settings.validation = true;
#endif

	// Create the instance
	VkResult result = createInstance();
	if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
		vks::tools::exitFatal("Could not create Vulkan instance : \n" + vks::tools::errorString(result), result);
		return false;
	}

#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
	vks::android::loadVulkanFunctions(instance);
#endif

	// If requested, we enable the default validation layers for debugging
	if (settings.validation)
	{
		vks::debug::setupDebugging(instance);
	}

	// Physical device
	uint32_t gpuCount = 0;
	// Get number of available physical devices
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &gpuCount, nullptr));
	if (gpuCount == 0) {
		vks::tools::exitFatal("No device with Vulkan support found", -1);
		return false;
	}
	// Enumerate devices
	std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> physicalDevices(gpuCount);
	result = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &gpuCount, physicalDevices.data());
	if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
		vks::tools::exitFatal("Could not enumerate physical devices : \n" + vks::tools::errorString(result), result);
		return false;
	}

	// GPU selection

	// Select physical device to be used for the Vulkan example
	// Defaults to the first device unless specified by command line
	uint32_t selectedDevice = 0;

#if !defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
	// GPU selection via command line argument
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("gpuselection")) {
		uint32_t index = commandLineParser.getValueAsInt("gpuselection", 0);
		if (index > gpuCount - 1) {
			std::cerr << "Selected device index " << index << " is out of range, reverting to device 0 (use -listgpus to show available Vulkan devices)" << "\n";
		} else {
			selectedDevice = index;
		}
	}
	if (commandLineParser.isSet("gpulist")) {
		std::cout << "Available Vulkan devices" << "\n";
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < gpuCount; i++) {
			VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevices[i], &deviceProperties);
			std::cout << "Device [" << i << "] : " << deviceProperties.deviceName << std::endl;
			std::cout << " Type: " << vks::tools::physicalDeviceTypeString(deviceProperties.deviceType) << "\n";
			std::cout << " API: " << (deviceProperties.apiVersion >> 22) << "." << ((deviceProperties.apiVersion >> 12) & 0x3ff) << "." << (deviceProperties.apiVersion & 0xfff) << "\n";
		}
	}
#endif

	physicalDevice = physicalDevices[selectedDevice];

	// Store properties (including limits), features and memory properties of the physical device (so that examples can check against them)
	vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &deviceProperties);
	vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(physicalDevice, &deviceFeatures);
	vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &deviceMemoryProperties);

	// Derived examples can override this to set actual features (based on above readings) to enable for logical device creation
	getEnabledFeatures();

	// Vulkan device creation
	// This is handled by a separate class that gets a logical device representation
	// and encapsulates functions related to a device
	vulkanDevice = new vks::VulkanDevice(physicalDevice);

	// Derived examples can enable extensions based on the list of supported extensions read from the physical device
	getEnabledExtensions();

	result = vulkanDevice->createLogicalDevice(enabledFeatures, enabledDeviceExtensions, deviceCreatepNextChain);
	if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
		vks::tools::exitFatal("Could not create Vulkan device: \n" + vks::tools::errorString(result), result);
		return false;
	}
	device = vulkanDevice->logicalDevice;

	// Get a graphics queue from the device
	vkGetDeviceQueue(device, vulkanDevice->queueFamilyIndices.graphics, 0, &queue);

	// Find a suitable depth and/or stencil format
	VkBool32 validFormat{ false };
	// Samples that make use of stencil will require a depth + stencil format, so we select from a different list
	if (requiresStencil) {
		validFormat = vks::tools::getSupportedDepthStencilFormat(physicalDevice, &depthFormat);
	} else {
		validFormat = vks::tools::getSupportedDepthFormat(physicalDevice, &depthFormat);
	}
	assert(validFormat);

	swapChain.setContext(instance, physicalDevice, device);

	// Create synchronization objects
	VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreCreateInfo = vks::initializers::semaphoreCreateInfo();
	// Create a semaphore used to synchronize image presentation
	// Ensures that the image is displayed before we start submitting new commands to the queue
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &semaphores.presentComplete));
	// Create a semaphore used to synchronize command submission
	// Ensures that the image is not presented until all commands have been submitted and executed
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &semaphores.renderComplete));

	// Set up submit info structure
	// Semaphores will stay the same during application lifetime
	// Command buffer submission info is set by each example
	submitInfo = vks::initializers::submitInfo();
	submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = &submitPipelineStages;
	submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
	submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = &semaphores.presentComplete;
	submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
	submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = &semaphores.renderComplete;

	return true;
}

#if defined(_WIN32)
// Win32 : Sets up a console window and redirects standard output to it
void VulkanExampleBase::setupConsole(std::string title)
{
	AllocConsole();
	AttachConsole(GetCurrentProcessId());
	FILE *stream;
	freopen_s(&stream, "CONIN$", "r", stdin);
	freopen_s(&stream, "CONOUT$", "w+", stdout);
	freopen_s(&stream, "CONOUT$", "w+", stderr);
	// Enable flags so we can color the output
	HANDLE consoleHandle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
	DWORD dwMode = 0;
	GetConsoleMode(consoleHandle, &dwMode);
	dwMode |= ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING;
	SetConsoleMode(consoleHandle, dwMode);
	SetConsoleTitle(TEXT(title.c_str()));
}

void VulkanExampleBase::setupDPIAwareness()
{
	typedef HRESULT *(__stdcall *SetProcessDpiAwarenessFunc)(PROCESS_DPI_AWARENESS);

	HMODULE shCore = LoadLibraryA("Shcore.dll");
	if (shCore)
	{
		SetProcessDpiAwarenessFunc setProcessDpiAwareness =
			(SetProcessDpiAwarenessFunc)GetProcAddress(shCore, "SetProcessDpiAwareness");

		if (setProcessDpiAwareness != nullptr)
		{
			setProcessDpiAwareness(PROCESS_PER_MONITOR_DPI_AWARE);
		}

		FreeLibrary(shCore);
	}
}

HWND VulkanExampleBase::setupWindow(HINSTANCE hinstance, WNDPROC wndproc)
{
	this->windowInstance = hinstance;

	WNDCLASSEX wndClass{};

	wndClass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
	wndClass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
	wndClass.lpfnWndProc = wndproc;
	wndClass.cbClsExtra = 0;
	wndClass.cbWndExtra = 0;
	wndClass.hInstance = hinstance;
	wndClass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
	wndClass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
	wndClass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);
	wndClass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
	wndClass.lpszClassName = name.c_str();
	wndClass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_WINLOGO);

	if (!RegisterClassEx(&wndClass))
	{
		std::cout << "Could not register window class!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	int screenWidth = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN);
	int screenHeight = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN);

	if (settings.fullscreen)
	{
		if ((width != (uint32_t)screenWidth) && (height != (uint32_t)screenHeight))
		{
			DEVMODE dmScreenSettings;
			memset(&dmScreenSettings, 0, sizeof(dmScreenSettings));
			dmScreenSettings.dmSize       = sizeof(dmScreenSettings);
			dmScreenSettings.dmPelsWidth  = width;
			dmScreenSettings.dmPelsHeight = height;
			dmScreenSettings.dmBitsPerPel = 32;
			dmScreenSettings.dmFields     = DM_BITSPERPEL | DM_PELSWIDTH | DM_PELSHEIGHT;
			if (ChangeDisplaySettings(&dmScreenSettings, CDS_FULLSCREEN) != DISP_CHANGE_SUCCESSFUL)
			{
				if (MessageBox(NULL, "Fullscreen Mode not supported!\n Switch to window mode?", "Error", MB_YESNO | MB_ICONEXCLAMATION) == IDYES)
				{
					settings.fullscreen = false;
				}
				else
				{
					return nullptr;
				}
			}
			screenWidth = width;
			screenHeight = height;
		}

	}

	DWORD dwExStyle;
	DWORD dwStyle;

	if (settings.fullscreen)
	{
		dwExStyle = WS_EX_APPWINDOW;
		dwStyle = WS_POPUP | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | WS_CLIPCHILDREN;
	}
	else
	{
		dwExStyle = WS_EX_APPWINDOW | WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE;
		dwStyle = WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | WS_CLIPCHILDREN;
	}

	RECT windowRect = {
		0L,
		0L,
		settings.fullscreen ? (long)screenWidth : (long)width,
		settings.fullscreen ? (long)screenHeight : (long)height
	};

	AdjustWindowRectEx(&windowRect, dwStyle, FALSE, dwExStyle);

	std::string windowTitle = getWindowTitle();
	window = CreateWindowEx(0,
		name.c_str(),
		windowTitle.c_str(),
		dwStyle | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | WS_CLIPCHILDREN,
		0,
		0,
		windowRect.right - windowRect.left,
		windowRect.bottom - windowRect.top,
		NULL,
		NULL,
		hinstance,
		NULL);

	if (!window)
	{
		std::cerr << "Could not create window!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		return nullptr;
	}

	if (!settings.fullscreen)
	{
		// Center on screen
		uint32_t x = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN) - windowRect.right) / 2;
		uint32_t y = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN) - windowRect.bottom) / 2;
		SetWindowPos(window, 0, x, y, 0, 0, SWP_NOZORDER | SWP_NOSIZE);
	}

	ShowWindow(window, SW_SHOW);
	SetForegroundWindow(window);
	SetFocus(window);

	return window;
}

void VulkanExampleBase::handleMessages(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
	switch (uMsg)
	{
	case WM_CLOSE:
		prepared = false;
		DestroyWindow(hWnd);
		PostQuitMessage(0);
		break;
	case WM_PAINT:
		ValidateRect(window, NULL);
		break;
	case WM_KEYDOWN:
		switch (wParam)
		{
		case KEY_P:
			paused = !paused;
			break;
		case KEY_F1:
			ui.visible = !ui.visible;
			ui.updated = true;
			break;
		case KEY_F2:
			if (camera.type == Camera::CameraType::lookat) {
				camera.type = Camera::CameraType::firstperson;
			}else {
				camera.type = Camera::CameraType::lookat;
			}
			break;
		case KEY_ESCAPE:
			PostQuitMessage(0);
			break;
		}

		if (camera.type == Camera::firstperson)
		{
			switch (wParam)
			{
			case KEY_W:
				camera.keys.up = true;
				break;
			case KEY_S:
				camera.keys.down = true;
				break;
			case KEY_A:
				camera.keys.left = true;
				break;
			case KEY_D:
				camera.keys.right = true;
				break;
			}
		}

		keyPressed((uint32_t)wParam);
		break;
	case WM_KEYUP:
		if (camera.type == Camera::firstperson)
		{
			switch (wParam)
			{
			case KEY_W:
				camera.keys.up = false;
				break;
			case KEY_S:
				camera.keys.down = false;
				break;
			case KEY_A:
				camera.keys.left = false;
				break;
			case KEY_D:
				camera.keys.right = false;
				break;
			}
		}
		break;
	case WM_LBUTTONDOWN:
		mouseState.position = glm::vec2((float)LOWORD(lParam), (float)HIWORD(lParam));
		mouseState.buttons.left = true;
		break;
	case WM_RBUTTONDOWN:
		mouseState.position = glm::vec2((float)LOWORD(lParam), (float)HIWORD(lParam));
		mouseState.buttons.right = true;
		break;
	case WM_MBUTTONDOWN:
		mouseState.position = glm::vec2((float)LOWORD(lParam), (float)HIWORD(lParam));
		mouseState.buttons.middle = true;
		break;
	case WM_LBUTTONUP:
		mouseState.buttons.left = false;
		break;
	case WM_RBUTTONUP:
		mouseState.buttons.right = false;
		break;
	case WM_MBUTTONUP:
		mouseState.buttons.middle = false;
		break;
	case WM_MOUSEWHEEL:
	{
		short wheelDelta = GET_WHEEL_DELTA_WPARAM(wParam);
		camera.translate(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, (float)wheelDelta * 0.005f));
		viewUpdated = true;
		break;
	}
	case WM_MOUSEMOVE:
	{
		handleMouseMove(LOWORD(lParam), HIWORD(lParam));
		break;
	}
	case WM_SIZE:
		if ((prepared) && (wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED))
		{
			if ((resizing) || ((wParam == SIZE_MAXIMIZED) || (wParam == SIZE_RESTORED)))
			{
				destWidth = LOWORD(lParam);
				destHeight = HIWORD(lParam);
				windowResize();
			}
		}
		break;
	case WM_GETMINMAXINFO:
	{
		LPMINMAXINFO minMaxInfo = (LPMINMAXINFO)lParam;
		minMaxInfo->ptMinTrackSize.x = 64;
		minMaxInfo->ptMinTrackSize.y = 64;
		break;
	}
	case WM_ENTERSIZEMOVE:
		resizing = true;
		break;
	case WM_EXITSIZEMOVE:
		resizing = false;
		break;
	}

	OnHandleMessage(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
}
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
int32_t VulkanExampleBase::handleAppInput(struct android_app* app, AInputEvent* event)
{
	VulkanExampleBase* vulkanExample = reinterpret_cast<VulkanExampleBase*>(app->userData);
	if (AInputEvent_getType(event) == AINPUT_EVENT_TYPE_MOTION)
	{
		int32_t eventSource = AInputEvent_getSource(event);
		switch (eventSource) {
			case AINPUT_SOURCE_JOYSTICK: {
				// Left thumbstick
				vulkanExample->gamePadState.axisLeft.x = AMotionEvent_getAxisValue(event, AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 0);
				vulkanExample->gamePadState.axisLeft.y = AMotionEvent_getAxisValue(event, AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 0);
				// Right thumbstick
				vulkanExample->gamePadState.axisRight.x = AMotionEvent_getAxisValue(event, AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Z, 0);
				vulkanExample->gamePadState.axisRight.y = AMotionEvent_getAxisValue(event, AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RZ, 0);
				break;
			}

			case AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN: {
				int32_t action = AMotionEvent_getAction(event);

				switch (action) {
					case AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP: {
						vulkanExample->lastTapTime = AMotionEvent_getEventTime(event);
						vulkanExample->touchPos.x = AMotionEvent_getX(event, 0);
						vulkanExample->touchPos.y = AMotionEvent_getY(event, 0);
						vulkanExample->touchTimer = 0.0;
						vulkanExample->touchDown = false;
						vulkanExample->camera.keys.up = false;

						// Detect single tap
						int64_t eventTime = AMotionEvent_getEventTime(event);
						int64_t downTime = AMotionEvent_getDownTime(event);
						if (eventTime - downTime <= vks::android::TAP_TIMEOUT) {
							float deadZone = (160.f / vks::android::screenDensity) * vks::android::TAP_SLOP * vks::android::TAP_SLOP;
							float x = AMotionEvent_getX(event, 0) - vulkanExample->touchPos.x;
							float y = AMotionEvent_getY(event, 0) - vulkanExample->touchPos.y;
							if ((x * x + y * y) < deadZone) {
								vulkanExample->mouseState.buttons.left = true;
							}
						};

						return 1;
						break;
					}
					case AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN: {
						// Detect double tap
						int64_t eventTime = AMotionEvent_getEventTime(event);
						if (eventTime - vulkanExample->lastTapTime <= vks::android::DOUBLE_TAP_TIMEOUT) {
							float deadZone = (160.f / vks::android::screenDensity) * vks::android::DOUBLE_TAP_SLOP * vks::android::DOUBLE_TAP_SLOP;
							float x = AMotionEvent_getX(event, 0) - vulkanExample->touchPos.x;
							float y = AMotionEvent_getY(event, 0) - vulkanExample->touchPos.y;
							if ((x * x + y * y) < deadZone) {
								vulkanExample->keyPressed(TOUCH_DOUBLE_TAP);
								vulkanExample->touchDown = false;
							}
						}
						else {
							vulkanExample->touchDown = true;
						}
						vulkanExample->touchPos.x = AMotionEvent_getX(event, 0);
						vulkanExample->touchPos.y = AMotionEvent_getY(event, 0);
						vulkanExample->mouseState.position.x = AMotionEvent_getX(event, 0);
						vulkanExample->mouseState.position.y = AMotionEvent_getY(event, 0);
						break;
					}
					case AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE: {
						bool handled = false;
						if (vulkanExample->settings.overlay) {
							ImGuiIO& io = ImGui::GetIO();
							handled = io.WantCaptureMouse && vulkanExample->ui.visible;
						}
						if (!handled) {
							int32_t eventX = AMotionEvent_getX(event, 0);
							int32_t eventY = AMotionEvent_getY(event, 0);

							float deltaX = (float)(vulkanExample->touchPos.y - eventY) * vulkanExample->camera.rotationSpeed * 0.5f;
							float deltaY = (float)(vulkanExample->touchPos.x - eventX) * vulkanExample->camera.rotationSpeed * 0.5f;

							vulkanExample->camera.rotate(glm::vec3(deltaX, 0.0f, 0.0f));
							vulkanExample->camera.rotate(glm::vec3(0.0f, -deltaY, 0.0f));

							vulkanExample->touchPos.x = eventX;
							vulkanExample->touchPos.y = eventY;
						}
						break;
					}
					default:
						return 1;
						break;
				}
			}

			return 1;
		}
	}

	if (AInputEvent_getType(event) == AINPUT_EVENT_TYPE_KEY)
	{
		int32_t keyCode = AKeyEvent_getKeyCode((const AInputEvent*)event);
		int32_t action = AKeyEvent_getAction((const AInputEvent*)event);

		if (action == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP)
			return 0;

		switch (keyCode)
		{
		case AKEYCODE_BUTTON_A:
			vulkanExample->keyPressed(GAMEPAD_BUTTON_A);
			break;
		case AKEYCODE_BUTTON_B:
			vulkanExample->keyPressed(GAMEPAD_BUTTON_B);
			break;
		case AKEYCODE_BUTTON_X:
			vulkanExample->keyPressed(GAMEPAD_BUTTON_X);
			break;
		case AKEYCODE_BUTTON_Y:
			vulkanExample->keyPressed(GAMEPAD_BUTTON_Y);
			break;
		case AKEYCODE_1:							// support keyboards with no function keys
		case AKEYCODE_F1:
		case AKEYCODE_BUTTON_L1:
			vulkanExample->ui.visible = !vulkanExample->ui.visible;
			vulkanExample->ui.updated = true;
			break;
		case AKEYCODE_BUTTON_R1:
			vulkanExample->keyPressed(GAMEPAD_BUTTON_R1);
			break;
		case AKEYCODE_P:
		case AKEYCODE_BUTTON_START:
			vulkanExample->paused = !vulkanExample->paused;
			break;
		default:
			vulkanExample->keyPressed(keyCode);		// handle example-specific key press events
			break;
		};

		LOGD("Button %d pressed", keyCode);
	}

	return 0;
}

void VulkanExampleBase::handleAppCommand(android_app * app, int32_t cmd)
{
	assert(app->userData != nullptr);
	VulkanExampleBase* vulkanExample = reinterpret_cast<VulkanExampleBase*>(app->userData);
	switch (cmd)
	{
	case APP_CMD_SAVE_STATE:
		LOGD("APP_CMD_SAVE_STATE");
		/*
		vulkanExample->app->savedState = malloc(sizeof(struct saved_state));
		*((struct saved_state*)vulkanExample->app->savedState) = vulkanExample->state;
		vulkanExample->app->savedStateSize = sizeof(struct saved_state);
		*/
		break;
	case APP_CMD_INIT_WINDOW:
		LOGD("APP_CMD_INIT_WINDOW");
		if (androidApp->window != nullptr)
		{
			if (vulkanExample->initVulkan()) {
				vulkanExample->prepare();
				assert(vulkanExample->prepared);
			}
			else {
				LOGE("Could not initialize Vulkan, exiting!");
				androidApp->destroyRequested = 1;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			LOGE("No window assigned!");
		}
		break;
	case APP_CMD_LOST_FOCUS:
		LOGD("APP_CMD_LOST_FOCUS");
		vulkanExample->focused = false;
		break;
	case APP_CMD_GAINED_FOCUS:
		LOGD("APP_CMD_GAINED_FOCUS");
		vulkanExample->focused = true;
		break;
	case APP_CMD_TERM_WINDOW:
		// Window is hidden or closed, clean up resources
		LOGD("APP_CMD_TERM_WINDOW");
		if (vulkanExample->prepared) {
			vulkanExample->swapChain.cleanup();
		}
		break;
	}
}
#elif (defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT))
#if defined(VK_EXAMPLE_XCODE_GENERATED)
@interface AppDelegate : NSObject<NSApplicationDelegate>
{
@public
	VulkanExampleBase *vulkanExample;
}

@end

@implementation AppDelegate
{
}

// SRS - Dispatch rendering loop onto a queue for max frame rate concurrent rendering vs displayLink vsync rendering
//     - vsync command line option (-vs) on macOS now works like other platforms (using VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR)
dispatch_group_t concurrentGroup;

- (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(NSNotification *)aNotification
{
	[NSApp activateIgnoringOtherApps:YES];		// SRS - Make sure app window launches in front of Xcode window

	concurrentGroup = dispatch_group_create();
	dispatch_queue_t concurrentQueue = dispatch_get_global_queue(QOS_CLASS_USER_INTERACTIVE, 0);
	dispatch_group_async(concurrentGroup, concurrentQueue, ^{

		while (!vulkanExample->quit) {
			vulkanExample->displayLinkOutputCb();
		}
	});

	// SRS - When benchmarking, set up termination notification on main thread when concurrent queue completes
	if (vulkanExample->benchmark.active) {
		dispatch_queue_t notifyQueue = dispatch_get_main_queue();
		dispatch_group_notify(concurrentGroup, notifyQueue, ^{ [NSApp terminate:nil]; });
	}
}

- (BOOL)applicationShouldTerminateAfterLastWindowClosed:(NSApplication *)sender
{
	return YES;
}

// SRS - Tell rendering loop to quit, then wait for concurrent queue to terminate before deleting vulkanExample
- (void)applicationWillTerminate:(NSNotification *)aNotification
{
	vulkanExample->quit = YES;
	dispatch_group_wait(concurrentGroup, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
	vkDeviceWaitIdle(vulkanExample->vulkanDevice->logicalDevice);
	delete(vulkanExample);
}

@end

const std::string getAssetPath() {
#if defined(VK_EXAMPLE_ASSETS_DIR)
	return VK_EXAMPLE_ASSETS_DIR;
#else
    return [NSBundle.mainBundle.resourcePath stringByAppendingString: @"/../../assets/"].UTF8String;
#endif
}

const std::string getShaderBasePath() {
#if defined(VK_EXAMPLE_SHADERS_DIR)
	return VK_EXAMPLE_SHADERS_DIR;
#else
	return [NSBundle.mainBundle.resourcePath stringByAppendingString: @"/../../shaders/"].UTF8String;
#endif
}

static CVReturn displayLinkOutputCallback(CVDisplayLinkRef displayLink, const CVTimeStamp *inNow,
	const CVTimeStamp *inOutputTime, CVOptionFlags flagsIn, CVOptionFlags *flagsOut,
	void *displayLinkContext)
{
	@autoreleasepool
	{
		auto vulkanExample = static_cast<VulkanExampleBase*>(displayLinkContext);
			vulkanExample->displayLinkOutputCb();
	}
	return kCVReturnSuccess;
}

@interface View : NSView<NSWindowDelegate>
{
@public
	VulkanExampleBase *vulkanExample;
}

@end

@implementation View
{
	CVDisplayLinkRef displayLink;
}

- (instancetype)initWithFrame:(NSRect)frameRect
{
	self = [super initWithFrame:(frameRect)];
	if (self)
	{
		self.wantsLayer = YES;
		self.layer = [CAMetalLayer layer];
	}
	return self;
}

- (void)viewDidMoveToWindow
{
	CVDisplayLinkCreateWithActiveCGDisplays(&displayLink);
	// SRS - Disable displayLink vsync rendering in favour of max frame rate concurrent rendering
	//     - vsync command line option (-vs) on macOS now works like other platforms (using VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR)
	//CVDisplayLinkSetOutputCallback(displayLink, &displayLinkOutputCallback, vulkanExample);
	CVDisplayLinkStart(displayLink);
}

- (BOOL)acceptsFirstResponder
{
	return YES;
}

- (BOOL)acceptsFirstMouse:(NSEvent *)event
{
	return YES;
}

- (void)keyDown:(NSEvent*)event
{
	switch (event.keyCode)
	{
		case KEY_P:
			vulkanExample->paused = !vulkanExample->paused;
			break;
		case KEY_1:										// support keyboards with no function keys
		case KEY_F1:
			vulkanExample->ui.visible = !vulkanExample->ui.visible;
			vulkanExample->ui.updated = true;
			break;
		case KEY_DELETE:								// support keyboards with no escape key
		case KEY_ESCAPE:
			[NSApp terminate:nil];
			break;
		case KEY_W:
			vulkanExample->camera.keys.up = true;
			break;
		case KEY_S:
			vulkanExample->camera.keys.down = true;
			break;
		case KEY_A:
			vulkanExample->camera.keys.left = true;
			break;
		case KEY_D:
			vulkanExample->camera.keys.right = true;
			break;
		default:
			vulkanExample->keyPressed(event.keyCode);	// handle example-specific key press events
			break;
	}
}

- (void)keyUp:(NSEvent*)event
{
	switch (event.keyCode)
	{
		case KEY_W:
			vulkanExample->camera.keys.up = false;
			break;
		case KEY_S:
			vulkanExample->camera.keys.down = false;
			break;
		case KEY_A:
			vulkanExample->camera.keys.left = false;
			break;
		case KEY_D:
			vulkanExample->camera.keys.right = false;
			break;
		default:
			break;
	}
}

- (NSPoint)getMouseLocalPoint:(NSEvent*)event
{
	NSPoint location = [event locationInWindow];
	NSPoint point = [self convertPoint:location fromView:nil];
	point.y = self.frame.size.height - point.y;
	return point;
}

- (void)mouseDown:(NSEvent *)event
{
	auto point = [self getMouseLocalPoint:event];
	vulkanExample->mouseState.position = glm::vec2(point.x, point.y);
	vulkanExample->mouseState.buttons.left = true;
}

- (void)mouseUp:(NSEvent *)event
{
	vulkanExample->mouseState.buttons.left = false;
}

- (void)rightMouseDown:(NSEvent *)event
{
	auto point = [self getMouseLocalPoint:event];
	vulkanExample->mouseState.position = glm::vec2(point.x, point.y);
	vulkanExample->mouseState.buttons.right = true;
}

- (void)rightMouseUp:(NSEvent *)event
{
	vulkanExample->mouseState.buttons.right = false;
}

- (void)otherMouseDown:(NSEvent *)event
{
	auto point = [self getMouseLocalPoint:event];
	vulkanExample->mouseState.position = glm::vec2(point.x, point.y);
	vulkanExample->mouseState.buttons.middle = true;
}

- (void)otherMouseUp:(NSEvent *)event
{
	vulkanExample->mouseState.buttons.middle = false;
}

- (void)mouseDragged:(NSEvent *)event
{
	auto point = [self getMouseLocalPoint:event];
	vulkanExample->mouseDragged(point.x, point.y);
}

- (void)rightMouseDragged:(NSEvent *)event
{
	auto point = [self getMouseLocalPoint:event];
	vulkanExample->mouseDragged(point.x, point.y);
}

- (void)otherMouseDragged:(NSEvent *)event
{
	auto point = [self getMouseLocalPoint:event];
	vulkanExample->mouseDragged(point.x, point.y);
}

- (void)mouseMoved:(NSEvent *)event
{
	auto point = [self getMouseLocalPoint:event];
	vulkanExample->mouseDragged(point.x, point.y);
}

- (void)scrollWheel:(NSEvent *)event
{
	short wheelDelta = [event deltaY];
	vulkanExample->camera.translate(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f,
		-(float)wheelDelta * 0.05f * vulkanExample->camera.movementSpeed));
	vulkanExample->viewUpdated = true;
}

// SRS - Window resizing already handled by windowResize() in VulkanExampleBase::submitFrame()
//	   - handling window resize events here is redundant and can cause thread interaction problems
/*
- (NSSize)windowWillResize:(NSWindow *)sender toSize:(NSSize)frameSize
{
	CVDisplayLinkStop(displayLink);
	vulkanExample->windowWillResize(frameSize.width, frameSize.height);
	return frameSize;
}

- (void)windowDidResize:(NSNotification *)notification
{
	vulkanExample->windowDidResize();
	CVDisplayLinkStart(displayLink);
}
*/

- (void)windowWillEnterFullScreen:(NSNotification *)notification
{
	vulkanExample->settings.fullscreen = true;
}

- (void)windowWillExitFullScreen:(NSNotification *)notification
{
	vulkanExample->settings.fullscreen = false;
}

- (BOOL)windowShouldClose:(NSWindow *)sender
{
	return TRUE;
}

- (void)windowWillClose:(NSNotification *)notification
{
	CVDisplayLinkStop(displayLink);
	CVDisplayLinkRelease(displayLink);
}

@end
#endif

void* VulkanExampleBase::setupWindow(void* view)
{
#if defined(VK_EXAMPLE_XCODE_GENERATED)
	NSApp = [NSApplication sharedApplication];
	[NSApp setActivationPolicy:NSApplicationActivationPolicyRegular];
	auto nsAppDelegate = [AppDelegate new];
	nsAppDelegate->vulkanExample = this;
	[NSApp setDelegate:nsAppDelegate];

	const auto kContentRect = NSMakeRect(0.0f, 0.0f, width, height);
	const auto kWindowStyle = NSWindowStyleMaskTitled | NSWindowStyleMaskClosable | NSWindowStyleMaskResizable;

	auto window = [[NSWindow alloc] initWithContentRect:kContentRect
											  styleMask:kWindowStyle
												backing:NSBackingStoreBuffered
												  defer:NO];
	[window setTitle:@(title.c_str())];
	[window setAcceptsMouseMovedEvents:YES];
	[window center];
	[window makeKeyAndOrderFront:nil];
	if (settings.fullscreen) {
		[window toggleFullScreen:nil];
	}

	auto nsView = [[View alloc] initWithFrame:kContentRect];
	nsView->vulkanExample = this;
	[window setDelegate:nsView];
	[window setContentView:nsView];
	this->view = (__bridge void*)nsView;
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
	this->metalLayer = (CAMetalLayer*)nsView.layer;
#endif
#else
	this->view = view;
#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
	this->metalLayer = (CAMetalLayer*)layer;
#endif
#endif
	return view;
}

void VulkanExampleBase::displayLinkOutputCb()
{
#if defined(VK_EXAMPLE_XCODE_GENERATED)
	if (benchmark.active) {
		benchmark.run([=] { render(); }, vulkanDevice->properties);
		if (benchmark.filename != "") {
			benchmark.saveResults();
		}
		quit = true;	// SRS - quit NSApp rendering loop when benchmarking complete
		return;
	}
#endif

	if (prepared)
		nextFrame();
}

void VulkanExampleBase::mouseDragged(float x, float y)
{
	handleMouseMove(static_cast<uint32_t>(x), static_cast<uint32_t>(y));
}

void VulkanExampleBase::windowWillResize(float x, float y)
{
	resizing = true;
	if (prepared)
	{
		destWidth = x;
		destHeight = y;
		windowResize();
	}
}

void VulkanExampleBase::windowDidResize()
{
	resizing = false;
}
#elif defined(_DIRECT2DISPLAY)
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
IDirectFBSurface *VulkanExampleBase::setupWindow()
{
	DFBResult ret;
	int posx = 0, posy = 0;

	ret = DirectFBInit(NULL, NULL);
	if (ret)
	{
		std::cout << "Could not initialize DirectFB!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	ret = DirectFBCreate(&dfb);
	if (ret)
	{
		std::cout << "Could not create main interface of DirectFB!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	ret = dfb->GetDisplayLayer(dfb, DLID_PRIMARY, &layer);
	if (ret)
	{
		std::cout << "Could not get DirectFB display layer interface!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	DFBDisplayLayerConfig layer_config;
	ret = layer->GetConfiguration(layer, &layer_config);
	if (ret)
	{
		std::cout << "Could not get DirectFB display layer configuration!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	if (settings.fullscreen)
	{
		width = layer_config.width;
		height = layer_config.height;
	}
	else
	{
		if (layer_config.width > width)
			posx = (layer_config.width - width) / 2;
		if (layer_config.height > height)
			posy = (layer_config.height - height) / 2;
	}

	DFBWindowDescription desc;
	desc.flags = (DFBWindowDescriptionFlags)(DWDESC_WIDTH | DWDESC_HEIGHT | DWDESC_POSX | DWDESC_POSY);
	desc.width = width;
	desc.height = height;
	desc.posx = posx;
	desc.posy = posy;
	ret = layer->CreateWindow(layer, &desc, &window);
	if (ret)
	{
		std::cout << "Could not create DirectFB window interface!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	ret = window->GetSurface(window, &surface);
	if (ret)
	{
		std::cout << "Could not get DirectFB surface interface!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	ret = window->CreateEventBuffer(window, &event_buffer);
	if (ret)
	{
		std::cout << "Could not create DirectFB event buffer interface!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	ret = window->SetOpacity(window, 0xFF);
	if (ret)
	{
		std::cout << "Could not set DirectFB window opacity!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	return surface;
}

void VulkanExampleBase::handleEvent(const DFBWindowEvent *event)
{
	switch (event->type)
	{
	case DWET_CLOSE:
		quit = true;
		break;
	case DWET_MOTION:
		handleMouseMove(event->x, event->y);
		break;
	case DWET_BUTTONDOWN:
		switch (event->button)
		{
		case DIBI_LEFT:
			mouseState.buttons.left = true;
			break;
		case DIBI_MIDDLE:
			mouseState.buttons.middle = true;
			break;
		case DIBI_RIGHT:
			mouseState.buttons.right = true;
			break;
		default:
			break;
		}
		break;
	case DWET_BUTTONUP:
		switch (event->button)
		{
		case DIBI_LEFT:
			mouseState.buttons.left = false;
			break;
		case DIBI_MIDDLE:
			mouseState.buttons.middle = false;
			break;
		case DIBI_RIGHT:
			mouseState.buttons.right = false;
			break;
		default:
			break;
		}
		break;
	case DWET_KEYDOWN:
		switch (event->key_symbol)
		{
			case KEY_W:
				camera.keys.up = true;
				break;
			case KEY_S:
				camera.keys.down = true;
				break;
			case KEY_A:
				camera.keys.left = true;
				break;
			case KEY_D:
				camera.keys.right = true;
				break;
			case KEY_P:
				paused = !paused;
				break;
			case KEY_F1:
				ui.visible = !ui.visible;
				ui.updated = true;
				break;
			default:
				break;
		}
		break;
	case DWET_KEYUP:
		switch (event->key_symbol)
		{
			case KEY_W:
				camera.keys.up = false;
				break;
			case KEY_S:
				camera.keys.down = false;
				break;
			case KEY_A:
				camera.keys.left = false;
				break;
			case KEY_D:
				camera.keys.right = false;
				break;
			case KEY_ESCAPE:
				quit = true;
				break;
			default:
				break;
		}
		keyPressed(event->key_symbol);
		break;
	case DWET_SIZE:
		destWidth = event->w;
		destHeight = event->h;
		windowResize();
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}
}
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::registryGlobalCb(void *data,
		wl_registry *registry, uint32_t name, const char *interface,
		uint32_t version)
{
	VulkanExampleBase *self = reinterpret_cast<VulkanExampleBase *>(data);
	self->registryGlobal(registry, name, interface, version);
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::seatCapabilitiesCb(void *data, wl_seat *seat,
		uint32_t caps)
{
	VulkanExampleBase *self = reinterpret_cast<VulkanExampleBase *>(data);
	self->seatCapabilities(seat, caps);
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::pointerEnterCb(void *data,
		wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t serial, wl_surface *surface,
		wl_fixed_t sx, wl_fixed_t sy)
{
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::pointerLeaveCb(void *data,
		wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t serial, wl_surface *surface)
{
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::pointerMotionCb(void *data,
		wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t time, wl_fixed_t sx, wl_fixed_t sy)
{
	VulkanExampleBase *self = reinterpret_cast<VulkanExampleBase *>(data);
	self->pointerMotion(pointer, time, sx, sy);
}
void VulkanExampleBase::pointerMotion(wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t time, wl_fixed_t sx, wl_fixed_t sy)
{
	handleMouseMove(wl_fixed_to_int(sx), wl_fixed_to_int(sy));
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::pointerButtonCb(void *data,
		wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t serial, uint32_t time, uint32_t button,
		uint32_t state)
{
	VulkanExampleBase *self = reinterpret_cast<VulkanExampleBase *>(data);
	self->pointerButton(pointer, serial, time, button, state);
}

void VulkanExampleBase::pointerButton(struct wl_pointer *pointer,
		uint32_t serial, uint32_t time, uint32_t button, uint32_t state)
{
	switch (button)
	{
	case BTN_LEFT:
		mouseState.buttons.left = !!state;
		break;
	case BTN_MIDDLE:
		mouseState.buttons.middle = !!state;
		break;
	case BTN_RIGHT:
		mouseState.buttons.right = !!state;
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::pointerAxisCb(void *data,
		wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t time, uint32_t axis,
		wl_fixed_t value)
{
	VulkanExampleBase *self = reinterpret_cast<VulkanExampleBase *>(data);
	self->pointerAxis(pointer, time, axis, value);
}

void VulkanExampleBase::pointerAxis(wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t time,
		uint32_t axis, wl_fixed_t value)
{
	double d = wl_fixed_to_double(value);
	switch (axis)
	{
	case REL_X:
		camera.translate(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, d * 0.005f));
		viewUpdated = true;
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::keyboardKeymapCb(void *data,
		struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t format, int fd, uint32_t size)
{
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::keyboardEnterCb(void *data,
		struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial,
		struct wl_surface *surface, struct wl_array *keys)
{
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::keyboardLeaveCb(void *data,
		struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial,
		struct wl_surface *surface)
{
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::keyboardKeyCb(void *data,
		struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, uint32_t time,
		uint32_t key, uint32_t state)
{
	VulkanExampleBase *self = reinterpret_cast<VulkanExampleBase *>(data);
	self->keyboardKey(keyboard, serial, time, key, state);
}

void VulkanExampleBase::keyboardKey(struct wl_keyboard *keyboard,
		uint32_t serial, uint32_t time, uint32_t key, uint32_t state)
{
	switch (key)
	{
	case KEY_W:
		camera.keys.up = !!state;
		break;
	case KEY_S:
		camera.keys.down = !!state;
		break;
	case KEY_A:
		camera.keys.left = !!state;
		break;
	case KEY_D:
		camera.keys.right = !!state;
		break;
	case KEY_P:
		if (state)
			paused = !paused;
		break;
	case KEY_F1:
		if (state) {
			ui.visible = !ui.visible;
			ui.updated = true;
		}
		break;
	case KEY_ESCAPE:
		quit = true;
		break;
	}

	if (state)
		keyPressed(key);
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::keyboardModifiersCb(void *data,
		struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, uint32_t mods_depressed,
		uint32_t mods_latched, uint32_t mods_locked, uint32_t group)
{
}

void VulkanExampleBase::seatCapabilities(wl_seat *seat, uint32_t caps)
{
	if ((caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_POINTER) && !pointer)
	{
		pointer = wl_seat_get_pointer(seat);
		static const struct wl_pointer_listener pointer_listener =
		{ pointerEnterCb, pointerLeaveCb, pointerMotionCb, pointerButtonCb,
				pointerAxisCb, };
		wl_pointer_add_listener(pointer, &pointer_listener, this);
	}
	else if (!(caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_POINTER) && pointer)
	{
		wl_pointer_destroy(pointer);
		pointer = nullptr;
	}

	if ((caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_KEYBOARD) && !keyboard)
	{
		keyboard = wl_seat_get_keyboard(seat);
		static const struct wl_keyboard_listener keyboard_listener =
		{ keyboardKeymapCb, keyboardEnterCb, keyboardLeaveCb, keyboardKeyCb,
				keyboardModifiersCb, };
		wl_keyboard_add_listener(keyboard, &keyboard_listener, this);
	}
	else if (!(caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_KEYBOARD) && keyboard)
	{
		wl_keyboard_destroy(keyboard);
		keyboard = nullptr;
	}
}

static void xdg_wm_base_ping(void *data, struct xdg_wm_base *shell, uint32_t serial)
{
	xdg_wm_base_pong(shell, serial);
}

static const struct xdg_wm_base_listener xdg_wm_base_listener = {
	xdg_wm_base_ping,
};

void VulkanExampleBase::registryGlobal(wl_registry *registry, uint32_t name,
		const char *interface, uint32_t version)
{
	if (strcmp(interface, "wl_compositor") == 0)
	{
		compositor = (wl_compositor *) wl_registry_bind(registry, name,
				&wl_compositor_interface, 3);
	}
	else if (strcmp(interface, "xdg_wm_base") == 0)
	{
		shell = (xdg_wm_base *) wl_registry_bind(registry, name,
				&xdg_wm_base_interface, 1);
		xdg_wm_base_add_listener(shell, &xdg_wm_base_listener, nullptr);
	}
	else if (strcmp(interface, "wl_seat") == 0)
	{
		seat = (wl_seat *) wl_registry_bind(registry, name, &wl_seat_interface,
				1);

		static const struct wl_seat_listener seat_listener =
		{ seatCapabilitiesCb, };
		wl_seat_add_listener(seat, &seat_listener, this);
	}
}

/*static*/void VulkanExampleBase::registryGlobalRemoveCb(void *data,
		struct wl_registry *registry, uint32_t name)
{
}

void VulkanExampleBase::initWaylandConnection()
{
	display = wl_display_connect(NULL);
	if (!display)
	{
		std::cout << "Could not connect to Wayland display!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	registry = wl_display_get_registry(display);
	if (!registry)
	{
		std::cout << "Could not get Wayland registry!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	static const struct wl_registry_listener registry_listener =
	{ registryGlobalCb, registryGlobalRemoveCb };
	wl_registry_add_listener(registry, &registry_listener, this);
	wl_display_dispatch(display);
	wl_display_roundtrip(display);
	if (!compositor || !shell)
	{
		std::cout << "Could not bind Wayland protocols!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}
	if (!seat)
	{
		std::cout << "WARNING: Input handling not available!\n";
		fflush(stdout);
	}
}

void VulkanExampleBase::setSize(int width, int height)
{
	if (width <= 0 || height <= 0)
		return;

	destWidth = width;
	destHeight = height;

	windowResize();
}

static void
xdg_surface_handle_configure(void *data, struct xdg_surface *surface,
			     uint32_t serial)
{
	VulkanExampleBase *base = (VulkanExampleBase *) data;

	xdg_surface_ack_configure(surface, serial);
	base->configured = true;
}

static const struct xdg_surface_listener xdg_surface_listener = {
	xdg_surface_handle_configure,
};


static void
xdg_toplevel_handle_configure(void *data, struct xdg_toplevel *toplevel,
			      int32_t width, int32_t height,
			      struct wl_array *states)
{
	VulkanExampleBase *base = (VulkanExampleBase *) data;

	base->setSize(width, height);
}

static void
xdg_toplevel_handle_close(void *data, struct xdg_toplevel *xdg_toplevel)
{
	VulkanExampleBase *base = (VulkanExampleBase *) data;

	base->quit = true;
}


static const struct xdg_toplevel_listener xdg_toplevel_listener = {
	xdg_toplevel_handle_configure,
	xdg_toplevel_handle_close,
};


struct xdg_surface *VulkanExampleBase::setupWindow()
{
	surface = wl_compositor_create_surface(compositor);
	xdg_surface = xdg_wm_base_get_xdg_surface(shell, surface);

	xdg_surface_add_listener(xdg_surface, &xdg_surface_listener, this);
	xdg_toplevel = xdg_surface_get_toplevel(xdg_surface);
	xdg_toplevel_add_listener(xdg_toplevel, &xdg_toplevel_listener, this);

	std::string windowTitle = getWindowTitle();
	xdg_toplevel_set_title(xdg_toplevel, windowTitle.c_str());
	if (settings.fullscreen)
	{
		xdg_toplevel_set_fullscreen(xdg_toplevel, NULL);
	}	
	wl_surface_commit(surface);
	wl_display_flush(display);

	return xdg_surface;
}

#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)

static inline xcb_intern_atom_reply_t* intern_atom_helper(xcb_connection_t *conn, bool only_if_exists, const char *str)
{
	xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t cookie = xcb_intern_atom(conn, only_if_exists, strlen(str), str);
	return xcb_intern_atom_reply(conn, cookie, NULL);
}

// Set up a window using XCB and request event types
xcb_window_t VulkanExampleBase::setupWindow()
{
	uint32_t value_mask, value_list[32];

	window = xcb_generate_id(connection);

	value_mask = XCB_CW_BACK_PIXEL | XCB_CW_EVENT_MASK;
	value_list[0] = screen->black_pixel;
	value_list[1] =
		XCB_EVENT_MASK_KEY_RELEASE |
		XCB_EVENT_MASK_KEY_PRESS |
		XCB_EVENT_MASK_EXPOSURE |
		XCB_EVENT_MASK_STRUCTURE_NOTIFY |
		XCB_EVENT_MASK_POINTER_MOTION |
		XCB_EVENT_MASK_BUTTON_PRESS |
		XCB_EVENT_MASK_BUTTON_RELEASE;

	if (settings.fullscreen)
	{
		width = destWidth = screen->width_in_pixels;
		height = destHeight = screen->height_in_pixels;
	}

	xcb_create_window(connection,
		XCB_COPY_FROM_PARENT,
		window, screen->root,
		0, 0, width, height, 0,
		XCB_WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT,
		screen->root_visual,
		value_mask, value_list);

	/* Magic code that will send notification when window is destroyed */
	xcb_intern_atom_reply_t* reply = intern_atom_helper(connection, true, "WM_PROTOCOLS");
	atom_wm_delete_window = intern_atom_helper(connection, false, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW");

	xcb_change_property(connection, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE,
		window, (*reply).atom, 4, 32, 1,
		&(*atom_wm_delete_window).atom);

	std::string windowTitle = getWindowTitle();
	xcb_change_property(connection, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE,
		window, XCB_ATOM_WM_NAME, XCB_ATOM_STRING, 8,
		title.size(), windowTitle.c_str());

	free(reply);

	/**
	 * Set the WM_CLASS property to display
	 * title in dash tooltip and application menu
	 * on GNOME and other desktop environments
	 */
	std::string wm_class;
	wm_class = wm_class.insert(0, name);
	wm_class = wm_class.insert(name.size(), 1, '\0');
	wm_class = wm_class.insert(name.size() + 1, title);
	wm_class = wm_class.insert(wm_class.size(), 1, '\0');
	xcb_change_property(connection, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, window, XCB_ATOM_WM_CLASS, XCB_ATOM_STRING, 8, wm_class.size() + 2, wm_class.c_str());

	if (settings.fullscreen)
	{
		xcb_intern_atom_reply_t *atom_wm_state = intern_atom_helper(connection, false, "_NET_WM_STATE");
		xcb_intern_atom_reply_t *atom_wm_fullscreen = intern_atom_helper(connection, false, "_NET_WM_STATE_FULLSCREEN");
		xcb_change_property(connection,
				XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE,
				window, atom_wm_state->atom,
				XCB_ATOM_ATOM, 32, 1,
				&(atom_wm_fullscreen->atom));
		free(atom_wm_fullscreen);
		free(atom_wm_state);
	}

	xcb_map_window(connection, window);

	return(window);
}

// Initialize XCB connection
void VulkanExampleBase::initxcbConnection()
{
	const xcb_setup_t *setup;
	xcb_screen_iterator_t iter;
	int scr;

	// xcb_connect always returns a non-NULL pointer to a xcb_connection_t,
	// even on failure. Callers need to use xcb_connection_has_error() to
	// check for failure. When finished, use xcb_disconnect() to close the
	// connection and free the structure.
	connection = xcb_connect(NULL, &scr);
	assert( connection );
	if( xcb_connection_has_error(connection) ) {
		printf("Could not find a compatible Vulkan ICD!\n");
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(1);
	}

	setup = xcb_get_setup(connection);
	iter = xcb_setup_roots_iterator(setup);
	while (scr-- > 0)
		xcb_screen_next(&iter);
	screen = iter.data;
}

void VulkanExampleBase::handleEvent(const xcb_generic_event_t *event)
{
	switch (event->response_type & 0x7f)
	{
	case XCB_CLIENT_MESSAGE:
		if ((*(xcb_client_message_event_t*)event).data.data32[0] ==
			(*atom_wm_delete_window).atom) {
			quit = true;
		}
		break;
	case XCB_MOTION_NOTIFY:
	{
		xcb_motion_notify_event_t *motion = (xcb_motion_notify_event_t *)event;
		handleMouseMove((int32_t)motion->event_x, (int32_t)motion->event_y);
		break;
	}
	break;
	case XCB_BUTTON_PRESS:
	{
		xcb_button_press_event_t *press = (xcb_button_press_event_t *)event;
		if (press->detail == XCB_BUTTON_INDEX_1)
			mouseState.buttons.left = true;
		if (press->detail == XCB_BUTTON_INDEX_2)
			mouseState.buttons.middle = true;
		if (press->detail == XCB_BUTTON_INDEX_3)
			mouseState.buttons.right = true;
	}
	break;
	case XCB_BUTTON_RELEASE:
	{
		xcb_button_press_event_t *press = (xcb_button_press_event_t *)event;
		if (press->detail == XCB_BUTTON_INDEX_1)
			mouseState.buttons.left = false;
		if (press->detail == XCB_BUTTON_INDEX_2)
			mouseState.buttons.middle = false;
		if (press->detail == XCB_BUTTON_INDEX_3)
			mouseState.buttons.right = false;
	}
	break;
	case XCB_KEY_PRESS:
	{
		const xcb_key_release_event_t *keyEvent = (const xcb_key_release_event_t *)event;
		switch (keyEvent->detail)
		{
			case KEY_W:
				camera.keys.up = true;
				break;
			case KEY_S:
				camera.keys.down = true;
				break;
			case KEY_A:
				camera.keys.left = true;
				break;
			case KEY_D:
				camera.keys.right = true;
				break;
			case KEY_P:
				paused = !paused;
				break;
			case KEY_F1:
				ui.visible = !ui.visible;
				ui.updated = true;
				break;
		}
	}
	break;
	case XCB_KEY_RELEASE:
	{
		const xcb_key_release_event_t *keyEvent = (const xcb_key_release_event_t *)event;
		switch (keyEvent->detail)
		{
			case KEY_W:
				camera.keys.up = false;
				break;
			case KEY_S:
				camera.keys.down = false;
				break;
			case KEY_A:
				camera.keys.left = false;
				break;
			case KEY_D:
				camera.keys.right = false;
				break;
			case KEY_ESCAPE:
				quit = true;
				break;
		}
		keyPressed(keyEvent->detail);
	}
	break;
	case XCB_DESTROY_NOTIFY:
		quit = true;
		break;
	case XCB_CONFIGURE_NOTIFY:
	{
		const xcb_configure_notify_event_t *cfgEvent = (const xcb_configure_notify_event_t *)event;
		if ((prepared) && ((cfgEvent->width != width) || (cfgEvent->height != height)))
		{
				destWidth = cfgEvent->width;
				destHeight = cfgEvent->height;
				if ((destWidth > 0) && (destHeight > 0))
				{
					windowResize();
				}
		}
	}
	break;
	default:
		break;
	}
}
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
void VulkanExampleBase::handleEvent()
{
	int size[2] = { 0, 0 };
	screen_window_t win;
	static int mouse_buttons = 0;
	int pos[2];
	int val;
	int keyflags;
	int rc;

	while (!screen_get_event(screen_context, screen_event, paused ? ~0 : 0)) {
		rc = screen_get_event_property_iv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_TYPE, &val);
		if (rc) {
			printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_TYPE of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
			fflush(stdout);
			quit = true;
			break;
		}
		if (val == SCREEN_EVENT_NONE) {
			break;
		}
		switch (val) {
			case SCREEN_EVENT_KEYBOARD:
				rc = screen_get_event_property_iv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_FLAGS, &keyflags);
				if (rc) {
					printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_FLAGS of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
					fflush(stdout);
					quit = true;
					break;
				}
				rc = screen_get_event_property_iv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_SYM, &val);
				if (rc) {
					printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_SYM of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
					fflush(stdout);
					quit = true;
					break;
				}
				if ((keyflags & KEY_SYM_VALID) == KEY_SYM_VALID) {
					switch (val) {
						case KEYCODE_ESCAPE:
							quit = true;
							break;
						case KEYCODE_W:
							if (keyflags & KEY_DOWN) {
								camera.keys.up = true;
							} else {
								camera.keys.up = false;
							}
							break;
						case KEYCODE_S:
							if (keyflags & KEY_DOWN) {
								camera.keys.down = true;
							} else {
								camera.keys.down = false;
							}
							break;
						case KEYCODE_A:
							if (keyflags & KEY_DOWN) {
								camera.keys.left = true;
							} else {
								camera.keys.left = false;
							}
							break;
						case KEYCODE_D:
							if (keyflags & KEY_DOWN) {
								camera.keys.right = true;
							} else {
								camera.keys.right = false;
							}
							break;
						case KEYCODE_P:
							paused = !paused;
							break;
						case KEYCODE_F1:
							ui.visible = !ui.visible;
							ui.updated = true;
							break;
						default:
							break;
					}

					if ((keyflags & KEY_DOWN) == KEY_DOWN) {
						if ((val >= 0x20) && (val <= 0xFF)) {
							keyPressed(val);
						}
					}
				}
				break;
			case SCREEN_EVENT_PROPERTY:
				rc = screen_get_event_property_pv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_WINDOW, (void **)&win);
				if (rc) {
					printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_WINDOW of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
					fflush(stdout);
					quit = true;
					break;
				}
				rc = screen_get_event_property_iv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_NAME, &val);
				if (rc) {
					printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_NAME of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
					fflush(stdout);
					quit = true;
					break;
				}
				if (win == screen_window) {
					switch(val) {
						case SCREEN_PROPERTY_SIZE:
							rc = screen_get_window_property_iv(win, SCREEN_PROPERTY_SIZE, size);
							if (rc) {
								printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_SIZE of the window in the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
								fflush(stdout);
								quit = true;
								break;
							}
							width = size[0];
							height = size[1];
							windowResize();
							break;
						default:
							/* We are not interested in any other events for now */
							break;
						}
				}
				break;
			case SCREEN_EVENT_POINTER:
				rc = screen_get_event_property_iv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_BUTTONS, &val);
				if (rc) {
					printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_BUTTONS of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
					fflush(stdout);
					quit = true;
					break;
				}
				if ((mouse_buttons & SCREEN_LEFT_MOUSE_BUTTON) == 0) {
					if ((val & SCREEN_LEFT_MOUSE_BUTTON) == SCREEN_LEFT_MOUSE_BUTTON) {
						mouseState.buttons.left = true;
					}
				} else {
					if ((val & SCREEN_LEFT_MOUSE_BUTTON) == 0) {
						mouseState.buttons.left = false;
					}
				}
				if ((mouse_buttons & SCREEN_RIGHT_MOUSE_BUTTON) == 0) {
					if ((val & SCREEN_RIGHT_MOUSE_BUTTON) == SCREEN_RIGHT_MOUSE_BUTTON) {
						mouseState.buttons.right = true;
					}
				} else {
					if ((val & SCREEN_RIGHT_MOUSE_BUTTON) == 0) {
						mouseState.buttons.right = false;
					}
				}
				if ((mouse_buttons & SCREEN_MIDDLE_MOUSE_BUTTON) == 0) {
					if ((val & SCREEN_MIDDLE_MOUSE_BUTTON) == SCREEN_MIDDLE_MOUSE_BUTTON) {
						mouseState.buttons.middle = true;
					}
				} else {
					if ((val & SCREEN_MIDDLE_MOUSE_BUTTON) == 0) {
						mouseState.buttons.middle = false;
					}
				}
				mouse_buttons = val;

				rc = screen_get_event_property_iv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_MOUSE_WHEEL, &val);
				if (rc) {
					printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_MOUSE_WHEEL of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
					fflush(stdout);
					quit = true;
					break;
				}
				if (val != 0) {
					camera.translate(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, (float)val * 0.005f));
					viewUpdated = true;
				}

				rc = screen_get_event_property_iv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_POSITION, pos);
				if (rc) {
					printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_DISPLACEMENT of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
					fflush(stdout);
					quit = true;
					break;
				}
				if ((pos[0] != 0) || (pos[1] != 0)) {
					handleMouseMove(pos[0], pos[1]);
				}
				updateOverlay();
				break;
		}
	}
}

void VulkanExampleBase::setupWindow()
{
	const char *idstr = name.c_str();
	int size[2];
	int usage = SCREEN_USAGE_VULKAN;
	int rc;

	if (screen_pipeline_set) {
		usage |= SCREEN_USAGE_OVERLAY;
	}

	rc = screen_create_context(&screen_context, 0);
	if (rc) {
		printf("Cannot create QNX Screen context!\n");
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	rc = screen_create_window(&screen_window, screen_context);
	if (rc) {
		printf("Cannot create QNX Screen window!\n");
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	rc = screen_create_event(&screen_event);
	if (rc) {
		printf("Cannot create QNX Screen event!\n");
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	/* Set window caption */
	screen_set_window_property_cv(screen_window, SCREEN_PROPERTY_ID_STRING, strlen(idstr), idstr);

	/* Setup VULKAN usage flags */
	rc = screen_set_window_property_iv(screen_window, SCREEN_PROPERTY_USAGE, &usage);
	if (rc) {
		printf("Cannot set SCREEN_USAGE_VULKAN flag!\n");
		fflush(stdout);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if ((width == 0) || (height == 0) || (settings.fullscreen) || use_window_size) {
		rc = screen_get_window_property_iv(screen_window, SCREEN_PROPERTY_SIZE, size);
		if (rc) {
			printf("Cannot obtain current window size!\n");
			fflush(stdout);
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
		width = size[0];
		height = size[1];
	} else {
		size[0] = width;
		size[1] = height;
		rc = screen_set_window_property_iv(screen_window, SCREEN_PROPERTY_SIZE, size);
		if (rc) {
			printf("Cannot set window size!\n");
			fflush(stdout);
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
	}

	if (screen_pos_set) {
		rc = screen_set_window_property_iv(screen_window, SCREEN_PROPERTY_POSITION, screen_pos);
		if (rc) {
			printf("Cannot set window position!\n");
			fflush(stdout);
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
	}

	if (screen_pipeline_set) {
		rc = screen_set_window_property_iv(screen_window, SCREEN_PROPERTY_PIPELINE, &screen_pipeline);
		if (rc) {
			printf("Cannot set pipeline id!\n");
			fflush(stdout);
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
	}

	if (screen_zorder_set) {
		rc = screen_set_window_property_iv(screen_window, SCREEN_PROPERTY_ZORDER, &screen_zorder);
		if (rc) {
			printf("Cannot set z-order of the window!\n");
			fflush(stdout);
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
	}
}
#else
void VulkanExampleBase::setupWindow()
{
}
#endif

void VulkanExampleBase::keyPressed(uint32_t) {}

void VulkanExampleBase::mouseMoved(double x, double y, bool & handled) {}

void VulkanExampleBase::buildCommandBuffers() {}

void VulkanExampleBase::createSynchronizationPrimitives()
{
	// Wait fences to sync command buffer access
	VkFenceCreateInfo fenceCreateInfo = vks::initializers::fenceCreateInfo(VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT);
	waitFences.resize(drawCmdBuffers.size());
	for (auto& fence : waitFences) {
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateFence(device, &fenceCreateInfo, nullptr, &fence));
	}
}

void VulkanExampleBase::createCommandPool()
{
	VkCommandPoolCreateInfo cmdPoolInfo = {};
	cmdPoolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
	cmdPoolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = swapChain.queueNodeIndex;
	cmdPoolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateCommandPool(device, &cmdPoolInfo, nullptr, &cmdPool));
}

void VulkanExampleBase::setupDepthStencil()
{
	VkImageCreateInfo imageCI{};
	imageCI.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
	imageCI.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
	imageCI.format = depthFormat;
	imageCI.extent = { width, height, 1 };
	imageCI.mipLevels = 1;
	imageCI.arrayLayers = 1;
	imageCI.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
	imageCI.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
	imageCI.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device, &imageCI, nullptr, &depthStencil.image));
	VkMemoryRequirements memReqs{};
	vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, depthStencil.image, &memReqs);

	VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAllloc{};
	memAllloc.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
	memAllloc.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
	memAllloc.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAllloc, nullptr, &depthStencil.memory));
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device, depthStencil.image, depthStencil.memory, 0));

	VkImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCI{};
	imageViewCI.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
	imageViewCI.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
	imageViewCI.image = depthStencil.image;
	imageViewCI.format = depthFormat;
	imageViewCI.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
	imageViewCI.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
	imageViewCI.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
	imageViewCI.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
	imageViewCI.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
	// Stencil aspect should only be set on depth + stencil formats (VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT..VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT
	if (depthFormat >= VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT) {
		imageViewCI.subresourceRange.aspectMask |= VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
	}
	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device, &imageViewCI, nullptr, &depthStencil.view));
}

void VulkanExampleBase::setupFrameBuffer()
{
	// Create frame buffers for every swap chain image
	frameBuffers.resize(swapChain.images.size());
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < frameBuffers.size(); i++)
	{
		const VkImageView attachments[2] = {
			swapChain.imageViews[i],
			// Depth/Stencil attachment is the same for all frame buffers
			depthStencil.view
		};
		VkFramebufferCreateInfo frameBufferCreateInfo{};
		frameBufferCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		frameBufferCreateInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		frameBufferCreateInfo.attachmentCount = 2;
		frameBufferCreateInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
		frameBufferCreateInfo.width = width;
		frameBufferCreateInfo.height = height;
		frameBufferCreateInfo.layers = 1;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &frameBufferCreateInfo, nullptr, &frameBuffers[i]));
	}
}

void VulkanExampleBase::setupRenderPass()
{
	std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments = {};
	// Color attachment
	attachments[0].format = swapChain.colorFormat;
	attachments[0].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
	attachments[0].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
	attachments[0].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
	attachments[0].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
	attachments[0].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
	attachments[0].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
	attachments[0].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
	// Depth attachment
	attachments[1].format = depthFormat;
	attachments[1].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
	attachments[1].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
	attachments[1].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
	attachments[1].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
	attachments[1].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
	attachments[1].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
	attachments[1].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

	VkAttachmentReference colorReference = {};
	colorReference.attachment = 0;
	colorReference.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

	VkAttachmentReference depthReference = {};
	depthReference.attachment = 1;
	depthReference.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

	VkSubpassDescription subpassDescription = {};
	subpassDescription.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
	subpassDescription.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
	subpassDescription.pColorAttachments = &colorReference;
	subpassDescription.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthReference;
	subpassDescription.inputAttachmentCount = 0;
	subpassDescription.pInputAttachments = nullptr;
	subpassDescription.preserveAttachmentCount = 0;
	subpassDescription.pPreserveAttachments = nullptr;
	subpassDescription.pResolveAttachments = nullptr;

	// Subpass dependencies for layout transitions
	std::array<VkSubpassDependency, 2> dependencies{};

	dependencies[0].srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
	dependencies[0].dstSubpass = 0;
	dependencies[0].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
	dependencies[0].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
	dependencies[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
	dependencies[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT;
	dependencies[0].dependencyFlags = 0;

	dependencies[1].srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
	dependencies[1].dstSubpass = 0;
	dependencies[1].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
	dependencies[1].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
	dependencies[1].srcAccessMask = 0;
	dependencies[1].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT;
	dependencies[1].dependencyFlags = 0;

	VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
	renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
	renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
	renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
	renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
	renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpassDescription;
	renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dependencies.size());
	renderPassInfo.pDependencies = dependencies.data();

	VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass));
}

void VulkanExampleBase::getEnabledFeatures() {}

void VulkanExampleBase::getEnabledExtensions() {}

void VulkanExampleBase::windowResize()
{
	if (!prepared)
	{
		return;
	}
	prepared = false;
	resized = true;

	// Ensure all operations on the device have been finished before destroying resources
	vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

	// Recreate swap chain
	width = destWidth;
	height = destHeight;
	createSwapChain();

	// Recreate the frame buffers
	vkDestroyImageView(device, depthStencil.view, nullptr);
	vkDestroyImage(device, depthStencil.image, nullptr);
	vkFreeMemory(device, depthStencil.memory, nullptr);
	setupDepthStencil();
	for (auto& frameBuffer : frameBuffers) {
		vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, frameBuffer, nullptr);
	}
	setupFrameBuffer();

	if ((width > 0.0f) && (height > 0.0f)) {
		if (settings.overlay) {
			ui.resize(width, height);
		}
	}

	// Command buffers need to be recreated as they may store
	// references to the recreated frame buffer
	destroyCommandBuffers();
	createCommandBuffers();
	buildCommandBuffers();

	// SRS - Recreate fences in case number of swapchain images has changed on resize
	for (auto& fence : waitFences) {
		vkDestroyFence(device, fence, nullptr);
	}
	createSynchronizationPrimitives();

	vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

	if ((width > 0.0f) && (height > 0.0f)) {
		camera.updateAspectRatio((float)width / (float)height);
	}

	// Notify derived class
	windowResized();

	prepared = true;
}

void VulkanExampleBase::handleMouseMove(int32_t x, int32_t y)
{
	int32_t dx = (int32_t)mouseState.position.x - x;
	int32_t dy = (int32_t)mouseState.position.y - y;

	bool handled = false;

	if (settings.overlay) {
		ImGuiIO& io = ImGui::GetIO();
		handled = io.WantCaptureMouse && ui.visible;
	}
	mouseMoved((float)x, (float)y, handled);

	if (handled) {
		mouseState.position = glm::vec2((float)x, (float)y);
		return;
	}

	if (mouseState.buttons.left) {
		camera.rotate(glm::vec3(dy * camera.rotationSpeed, -dx * camera.rotationSpeed, 0.0f));
		viewUpdated = true;
	}
	if (mouseState.buttons.right) {
		camera.translate(glm::vec3(-0.0f, 0.0f, dy * .005f));
		viewUpdated = true;
	}
	if (mouseState.buttons.middle) {
		camera.translate(glm::vec3(-dx * 0.005f, -dy * 0.005f, 0.0f));
		viewUpdated = true;
	}
	mouseState.position = glm::vec2((float)x, (float)y);
}

void VulkanExampleBase::windowResized() {}

void VulkanExampleBase::createSurface()
{
#if defined(_WIN32)
	swapChain.initSurface(windowInstance, window);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
	swapChain.initSurface(androidApp->window);
#elif (defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK))
	swapChain.initSurface(view);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
	swapChain.initSurface(metalLayer);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
	swapChain.initSurface(dfb, surface);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
	swapChain.initSurface(display, surface);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
	swapChain.initSurface(connection, window);
#elif (defined(_DIRECT2DISPLAY) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_HEADLESS_EXT))
	swapChain.initSurface(width, height);
#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
	swapChain.initSurface(screen_context, screen_window);
#endif
}

void VulkanExampleBase::createSwapChain()
{
	swapChain.create(width, height, settings.vsync, settings.fullscreen);
}

void VulkanExampleBase::OnUpdateUIOverlay(vks::UIOverlay *overlay) {}

#if defined(_WIN32)
void VulkanExampleBase::OnHandleMessage(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {};
#endif